Textbook Question
How do pressure and resistance affect cardiac output and peripheral blood flow?
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Ch. 21 Blood Vessels and Circulation
Martini, Nath, Bartholomew12th EditionFundamentals of Anatomy and PhysiologyISBN: 9780137854011
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology25
- Ch. 2 The Chemical Level of Organization34
- Ch. 3 The Cellular Level of Organization29
- Ch. 4 The Tissue Level of Organization24
- Ch. 5 The Integumentary System17
- Ch. 6 Bones and Bone Structure33
- Ch. 7 The Axial Skeleton11
- Ch. 8 The Appendicular Skeleton17
- Ch. 9 Joints13
- Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue12
- Ch. 11 The Muscular System28
- Ch. 12 Nervous Tissue18
- Ch. 13 The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes22
- Ch. 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves20
- Ch. 15 Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System17
- Ch. 16 The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions30
- Ch. 17 The Special Senses15
- Ch. 18 The Endocrine System21
- Ch. 19 Blood31
- Ch. 20 The Heart31
- Ch. 21 Blood Vessels and Circulation26
- Ch. 22 The Lymphatic System and Immunity25
- Ch. 23 The Respiratory System4
- Ch. 24 The Digestive System18
- Ch. 26 The Urinary System31
- Ch. 27 Fluids & Electrolytes30
- Ch. 28 The Reproductive System12
- Ch. 29 Development and Inheritance17
Martini, Nath, Bartholomew12th EditionFundamentals of Anatomy and PhysiologyISBN: 9780137854011Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 21, Problem 27
Compare the effects of the cardioacceleratory and cardioinhibitory centers on cardiac output and blood pressure.
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Understand the roles of the cardioacceleratory and cardioinhibitory centers. The cardioacceleratory center increases heart rate and contractility, while the cardioinhibitory center decreases heart rate.
Step 2: Recall that cardiac output (CO) is calculated by the formula \(CO = HR \times SV\), where \(HR\) is heart rate and \(SV\) is stroke volume. Changes in heart rate directly affect cardiac output.
Step 3: Analyze how the cardioacceleratory center affects cardiac output and blood pressure. By increasing heart rate and contractility, it increases stroke volume and cardiac output, which typically raises blood pressure.
Step 4: Analyze how the cardioinhibitory center affects cardiac output and blood pressure. By decreasing heart rate, it reduces cardiac output, which generally lowers blood pressure.
Step 5: Summarize the comparison: the cardioacceleratory center elevates cardiac output and blood pressure through sympathetic stimulation, whereas the cardioinhibitory center reduces cardiac output and blood pressure via parasympathetic stimulation.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Cardioacceleratory Center
The cardioacceleratory center is a region in the medulla oblongata that increases heart rate and force of contraction by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system. This leads to an increase in cardiac output, which raises blood pressure by pumping more blood per minute through the circulatory system.
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Control of Heart Rate
Cardioinhibitory Center
The cardioinhibitory center, also located in the medulla oblongata, decreases heart rate by activating the parasympathetic nervous system via the vagus nerve. This reduction in heart rate lowers cardiac output, which can decrease blood pressure by reducing the volume of blood pumped by the heart.
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Cardiac Output and Blood Pressure Relationship
Cardiac output is the volume of blood the heart pumps per minute, directly influencing blood pressure. An increase in cardiac output raises blood pressure, while a decrease lowers it. Both the cardioacceleratory and cardioinhibitory centers regulate this balance through autonomic nervous system control.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
People with allergies commonly take antihistamines with decongestants to relieve their symptoms. The container warns that individuals who are being treated for high blood pressure should not take the medication. Why not?
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Textbook Question
Why is blood flow to the brain relatively continuous and constant?
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Textbook Question
How is blood pressure maintained in veins to counter the force of gravity?
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Textbook Question
Bob is sitting outside on a warm day and is sweating profusely. Mary wants to practice taking blood pressures, and he agrees to play the patient. Mary finds that Bob's blood pressure is elevated, even though he is resting and has lost fluid from sweating. (She reasons that fluid loss should lower blood volume and, thus, blood pressure.) Why is Bob's blood pressure high instead of low?
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Textbook Question
Jolene awakens suddenly to the sound of her alarm clock. Realizing that she is late for class, she jumps to her feet, feels light-headed, and falls back on her bed. What probably caused this reaction? Why doesn't this happen all the time?
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