26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance

How do respiratory and renal mechanisms support the buffer systems?

Diabetic ketoacidosis is characterized by an increased level of ketone bodies, which causes metabolic acidosis. A patient in diabetic ketoacidosis will have an altered rate of ventilation. Will the patient be hyperventilating or hypoventilating? How will a change in the rate and depth of ventilation compensate for an acidosis that is metabolic in nature?

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

e. Chloride ions are generally reabsorbed from the kidneys, along with bicarbonate ions.

Refer to the diagnostic flowchart in Spotlight Figure 27–18. Use information from the blood test results in the accompanying table to categorize the suspected acid-base disorders of the patients represented in the table.

Changes in the pH of body fluids are compensated for by all of the following except:

(a) An increase in urine output

(b) The carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system

(c) The phosphate buffer system

(d) Changes in the rate and depth of breathing

(e) Protein buffers

Describe the role of the respiratory system in controlling acid-base balance.

Distinguish between respiratory and metabolic disorders that disturb acid-base balance.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

a. Respiratory acidosis is caused by hypoventilation.

When the pH of body fluids begins to decrease, free amino acids and proteins will 

(a) Release a hydrogen from the carboxyl group

(b) Release a hydrogen from the amino group

(c) Release a hydrogen at the carboxyl group

(d) Bind a hydrogen at the amino group