26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

c. Respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis consists of hypoventilation.

Elise Anderson is a 6-year-old girl who presents to the emergency department with a history of vomiting for the past 3 days. The nurse notices that her respiratory rate is abnormally low. What is the likely reason for this change in ventilation? Predict what Elise's arterial blood gas values would show.

The most important factor affecting the pH of body tissues is the concentration of:

(a) Lactic acid

(b) Ketone bodies, 

(c) Metabolic acids

(d) Carbon dioxide

(e) Hydrochloric acid

The biggest source of metabolic acids in the body is:

a. Lactic acid

b. Ketone bodies

c. Carbon dioxide

d. Uric acid

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

d. Renal compensation for metabolic alkalosis consists of reabsorption of hydrogen ions and secretion of bicarbonate ions.

In a protein buffer system, if the pH increases:

(a) The protein acquires a hydrogen ion from carbonic acid

(b) Hydrogen ions are buffered by hemoglobin molecules

(c) A hydrogen ion is released and a carboxylate ion is formed

(d) A chloride shift occurs

Define and give an example of:

(b) A fixed acid, and 

 Which represents the greatest threat to acid-base balance? Why?