Textbook Question
Identify the allylic carbon(s) in the following molecules.
(c)
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Ch. 11 - Properties and Synthesis of Alkyl Halides: Radical Reactions
Mullins1st EditionOrganic Chemistry: A Learner Centered ApproachISBN: 9780137566471
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Table of contents
- Ch. 2 - General Chemistry Translated: Finding the Electrons114
- Ch. 3 - Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Properties and Conformational Analysis109
- Ch. 4 - Acids and Bases: Electron Flow144
- Ch. 5 - Chemical Reaction Analysis: Thermodynamics and Kinetics118
- Ch. 6 - Stereoisomerism: Arrangement of Atoms in Space112
- Ch. 7 - Principles of Green (Organic) Chemistry3
- Ch. 8 - Alkenes I: Properties and Electrophilic Additions158
- Ch. 9 - Alkenes II: Oxidation and Reduction150
- Ch. 10 - Alkynes: Electrophilic Addition and Redox Reactions101
- Ch. 11 - Properties and Synthesis of Alkyl Halides: Radical Reactions108
- Ch. 12 - Substitution and Elimination: Reactions of Haloalkanes172
- Ch. 13 - Alcohols, Ethers and Related Compounds: Substitution and Elimination239
- Ch. 14 - Structural Identification I: Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry54
- Ch. 15 - Structural Identification II: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy93
- Ch. 16 - Metals in Organic Chemistry48
- Ch. 17 - Carbonyl Addition Reactions: Aldehydes and Ketones45
- Ch. 18 - Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution I: Carboxylic Acids18
- Ch. 19 - Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution II: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives39
- Ch. 20 - Enolates: Carbonyl Addition and Substitution13
- Ch. 21 - Conjugated Systems I: Stability and Addition Reactions56
- Ch. 22 - Conjugated Systems II: Pericyclic Reactions54
- Ch. 23 - Benzene I: Aromatic Stability and Substitution Reactions64
- Ch. 24 - Benzene II: Reactions Influenced by the Aromatic Ring62
- Ch. 25 - Amines: Structure, Reactions, and Synthesis27
- Ch. 26 - Amino Acids, Proteins, and Peptide Synthesis9
- Ch. 27 - Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, and Lipids54
Mullins1st EditionOrganic Chemistry: A Learner Centered ApproachISBN: 9780137566471Not the one you use?Change textbook
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Mullins 1st EditionCh. 11 - Properties and Synthesis of Alkyl Halides: Radical ReactionsProblem 30c
Mullins 1st EditionCh. 11 - Properties and Synthesis of Alkyl Halides: Radical ReactionsProblem 30cChapter 10, Problem 30c
In the following molecules, identify the carbon where the radical is most likely to form in the first propagation step.
(c) 
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Identify the structure of the molecule given in part (c). Look for any functional groups or structural features that might influence radical formation.
Consider the stability of radicals. Radicals are more stable on tertiary carbons compared to secondary or primary carbons due to hyperconjugation and the inductive effect.
Examine the molecule for resonance stabilization. Radicals that can be stabilized by resonance are more likely to form. Look for allylic or benzylic positions where resonance can occur.
Evaluate the steric hindrance around potential radical sites. Less sterically hindered sites are more favorable for radical formation.
Determine the most likely carbon for radical formation by combining the factors of stability, resonance, and steric effects. This carbon will be the site where the radical is most likely to form in the first propagation step.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Radical Stability
Radical stability is crucial in determining where a radical is most likely to form. Radicals are more stable when they are tertiary, secondary, or allylic due to hyperconjugation and resonance effects. The stability of a radical influences its formation during chemical reactions, particularly in propagation steps.
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03:43
The radical stability trend.
Propagation Step in Radical Reactions
The propagation step in radical reactions involves the transfer of a radical from one molecule to another, continuing the chain reaction. This step is essential for the progression of radical reactions, where the most stable radical formation is favored to ensure the reaction proceeds efficiently.
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12:11Radical Chain Reaction Mechanism.
Hyperconjugation
Hyperconjugation is a stabilizing interaction that occurs when electrons in sigma bonds (typically C-H or C-C) delocalize into an adjacent empty or partially filled p-orbital or pi-system. This effect increases the stability of radicals, particularly in tertiary carbons, by dispersing electron density and reducing energy.
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04:28Understanding trends of alkene stability.
Related Practice
Textbook Question
In the following allylic radicals, identify the carbon where the new C― Br bond is most likely to form in the second propagation step.
(b)
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Textbook Question
In the following molecules, identify the carbon where the radical is most likely to form in the first propagation step.
(d)
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Textbook Question
In the following reaction, which C―H bond would be most likely to react with a bromine radical?
Textbook Question
In the following allylic radicals, identify the carbon where the new C–Br bond is most likely to form in the second propagation step.
(a)
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Textbook Question
We show in Chapter 12 that C― Br bonds can break to give a carbocation and a bromide anion. For which of the organohalides (A or B) would you expect this process to be fastest? Explain.
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