David’s grandfather suffers from hypertension. His doctor tells him that part of his problem stems from renal arteriosclerosis. Why would this cause hypertension?

In a normal kidney, which of the following conditions would cause an increase in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? 

(a) Constriction of the afferent arteriole

(b) A decrease in the pressure of the glomerulus

(c) An increase in the capsular hydrostatic pressure

(d) A decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins in the blood

(e) A decrease in the net glomerular filtration process

Sylvia is suffering from severe edema in her arms and legs. Her physician prescribes a diuretic (a substance that increases the volume of urine produced). Why might this help alleviate Sylvia’s problem?

The drug Diamox is sometimes used to treat mountain sickness. Diamox inhibits the action of carbonic anhydrase in the proximal convoluted tubule. Polyuria (excessive urine production resulting in frequent urination) is a side effect associated with the medication. Why does polyuria occur?

Mannitol is a sugar that is filtered, but not reabsorbed, by the kidneys. What effect would drinking a solution of mannitol have on the volume of urine produced?

In response to excess water in the body, 

(a) Antidiuretic hormone is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

(b) The active transport mechanisms in the ascending thick limb of the nephron loop cease functioning.

(c) The permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts to water is decreased.

(d) The permeability of the ascending limb of the nephron loop is increased.

(e) The glomerular filtration rate is reduced.