21. The Immune System

CD4 markers are associated with

(a) Cytotoxic T cells

(b) Regulatory T cells

(c) Helper T cells

(d) All of these

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct is to make a true statement.

In the primary immune response, the lag phase lasts about 5 days, during which time B cells proliferate and differentiate.

Small molecules that must combine with large proteins to become immunogenic are called:

a. Complete antigens

b. Kinins

c. Antigenic determinants

d. Haptens

A decrease in which population of lymphocytes would impair all aspects of an immune response?

(a) Cytotoxic T cells

(b) Helper T cells

(c) Regulatory T cells

(d) B cells

(e) Plasma cells

Mr. James, an 80-year-old man, is grumbling about having to receive a flu shot every year. Flu viruses have a high mutation rate (undergo rapid genetic changes), which results in the appearance of new proteins on the flu virus's 'coat.' How does this help explain the need to get a flu shot each year?

Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the bone marrow are:

a. T lymphocytes

b. B lymphocytes

c. NK cells

d. B and T lymphocytes

Give a function for each of the following:

(a) Cytotoxic T cells

(b) Helper T cells

(c) Regulatory T cells

(d) Plasma cells

(e) NK cells

Type I hypersensitivity is due to release of inflammatory mediators from_____, and type IV hypersensitivity is due to the actions of_____.

a. T_H cells; macrophages

b. neutrophils; T_H cells

c. B cells; T_C cells

d. mast cells; T_H cells

Epitopes are:

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

The immune response to a viral infection involves NK cells and different kinds of lymphocytes.

Although the adaptive immune system has two arms, it has been said, 'no T cells, no immunity.' Explain.

Give a function for each of the following:

(f) Stromal cells

(g) Epithelial reticular cells

(h) Interferons

(i) Pyrogens

(j) T cells

(k) B cells