Textbook Question
Show how you would use the Friedel–Crafts acylation, Clemmensen reduction, and/or Gatterman–Koch synthesis to prepare the following compounds:
b.
3
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Ch. 17 - Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
Wade9th EditionOrganic ChemistryISBN: 9780135213728
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 - Structure and Bonding107
- Ch. 2 - Acids and Bases; Functional Groups115
- Ch.3 - Structure and Stereochemistry of Alkanes100
- Ch.4 - The Study of Chemical Reactions99
- Ch.5 - Stereochemistry93
- Ch.6 - Alkyl Halides; Nucleophilic Substitution118
- Ch. 7 - Structure and Synthesis of Alkenes; Elimination158
- Ch.8 - Reactions of Alkenes171
- Ch.9 - Alkynes91
- Ch.10 - Structure and Synthesis of Alcohols143
- Ch.11 - Reactions of Alcohols104
- Ch. 12 - Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry22
- Ch. 13 - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy45
- Ch. 14 - Ethers, Epoxides, and Thioethers72
- Ch. 15 - Conjugated Systems, Orbital Symmetry, and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy89
- Ch. 16 - Aromatic Compounds74
- Ch. 17 - Reactions of Aromatic Compounds126
- Ch. 18 - Ketones and Aldehydes193
- Ch. 19 - Amines129
- Ch. 20 - Carboxylic Acids77
- Ch. 21 - Carboxylic Acid Derivatives141
- Ch. 22 - Condensations and Alpha Substitutions of Carbonyl Compounds175
- Ch. 23 - Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids93
- Ch. 24 - Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins54
Chapter 17, Problem 19c
Show how you would synthesize the following aromatic derivatives from benzene.
c. p-chlorotoluene
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Begin with benzene as the starting material. Benzene is an aromatic compound with a six-membered ring and alternating double bonds.
Step 2: Introduce a methyl group onto the benzene ring to form toluene. This can be achieved through a Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction using methyl chloride (CH₃Cl) and a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminum chloride (AlCl₃). The reaction proceeds via electrophilic aromatic substitution.
Step 3: Once toluene is formed, introduce a chlorine atom at the para position relative to the methyl group. This can be done through an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction using chlorine gas (Cl₂) and a catalyst such as ferric chloride (FeCl₃). The methyl group is an electron-donating group, which directs the incoming chlorine to the para position due to its activating and ortho/para-directing effects.
Step 4: Carefully control the reaction conditions to ensure selective chlorination at the para position. This may involve using a stoichiometric amount of chlorine and monitoring the reaction to avoid over-chlorination.
Step 5: Purify the product, p-chlorotoluene, using techniques such as distillation or recrystallization to remove any unreacted starting materials or side products.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS)
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution is a fundamental reaction in organic chemistry where an electrophile replaces a hydrogen atom on an aromatic ring. This process is crucial for synthesizing various aromatic compounds, including derivatives of benzene. The reaction typically involves the generation of a highly reactive electrophile, which then attacks the electron-rich aromatic system, leading to the formation of a substituted product.
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EAS Review
Activating and Deactivating Groups
In the context of EAS, substituents on the aromatic ring can either activate or deactivate the ring towards further substitution. Activating groups, such as alkyl groups, increase the electron density of the ring, making it more reactive, while deactivating groups, like halogens, reduce reactivity. Understanding the influence of these groups is essential for predicting the position of new substituents in the synthesis of compounds like p-chlorotoluene.
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Halogenation of Aromatic Compounds
Halogenation is a specific type of EAS where a halogen atom is introduced into an aromatic compound. In the case of synthesizing p-chlorotoluene, the process involves the chlorination of toluene, which is already an aromatic compound with a methyl group. The presence of the methyl group directs the incoming chlorine to the para position, resulting in the formation of p-chlorotoluene, demonstrating the regioselectivity of EAS reactions.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Show how you would use the Friedel–Crafts acylation, Clemmensen reduction, and/or Gatterman–Koch synthesis to prepare the following compounds:
c.
1
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Textbook Question
Which reactions will produce the desired product in good yield? You may assume that aluminum chloride is added as a catalyst in each case. For the reactions that will not give a good yield of the desired product, predict the major products.
(e) Reagents: toluene + HNO3, H2SO4, heat
Desired Product: 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT)
3
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Textbook Question
Show how you would use the Friedel–Crafts acylation, Clemmensen reduction, and/or Gatterman–Koch synthesis to prepare the following compounds:
a.
Textbook Question
Show how you would synthesize the following aromatic derivatives from benzene.
b. p-toluenesulfonic acid
2
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Textbook Question
Show how you would synthesize the following aromatic derivatives from benzene.
a. p-tert-butylnitrobenzene
2
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