Textbook Question
Give the charge most likely to result from ionization of the following nonmetals.
(b) Sulfur
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Ch. 2 - General Chemistry Translated: Finding the Electrons
Mullins1st EditionOrganic Chemistry: A Learner Centered ApproachISBN: 9780137566471
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Table of contents
- Ch. 2 - General Chemistry Translated: Finding the Electrons114
- Ch. 3 - Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Properties and Conformational Analysis109
- Ch. 4 - Acids and Bases: Electron Flow144
- Ch. 5 - Chemical Reaction Analysis: Thermodynamics and Kinetics118
- Ch. 6 - Stereoisomerism: Arrangement of Atoms in Space112
- Ch. 7 - Principles of Green (Organic) Chemistry3
- Ch. 8 - Alkenes I: Properties and Electrophilic Additions158
- Ch. 9 - Alkenes II: Oxidation and Reduction150
- Ch. 10 - Alkynes: Electrophilic Addition and Redox Reactions101
- Ch. 11 - Properties and Synthesis of Alkyl Halides: Radical Reactions108
- Ch. 12 - Substitution and Elimination: Reactions of Haloalkanes172
- Ch. 13 - Alcohols, Ethers and Related Compounds: Substitution and Elimination239
- Ch. 14 - Structural Identification I: Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry54
- Ch. 15 - Structural Identification II: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy93
- Ch. 16 - Metals in Organic Chemistry48
- Ch. 17 - Carbonyl Addition Reactions: Aldehydes and Ketones45
- Ch. 18 - Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution I: Carboxylic Acids18
- Ch. 19 - Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution II: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives39
- Ch. 20 - Enolates: Carbonyl Addition and Substitution13
- Ch. 21 - Conjugated Systems I: Stability and Addition Reactions56
- Ch. 22 - Conjugated Systems II: Pericyclic Reactions54
- Ch. 23 - Benzene I: Aromatic Stability and Substitution Reactions64
- Ch. 24 - Benzene II: Reactions Influenced by the Aromatic Ring62
- Ch. 25 - Amines: Structure, Reactions, and Synthesis27
- Ch. 26 - Amino Acids, Proteins, and Peptide Synthesis9
- Ch. 27 - Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, and Lipids54
Mullins1st EditionOrganic Chemistry: A Learner Centered ApproachISBN: 9780137566471Not the one you use?Change textbook
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Mullins 1st EditionCh. 2 - General Chemistry Translated: Finding the ElectronsProblem 16b
Mullins 1st EditionCh. 2 - General Chemistry Translated: Finding the ElectronsProblem 16bChapter 1, Problem 16b
Give the charge most likely to result from ionization of the following metals.
(b) Aluminum
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Identify the group of the periodic table where aluminum is located. Aluminum is in Group 13 (or Group IIIA in older notation). Elements in this group typically lose electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration.
Determine the electron configuration of aluminum. Aluminum has an atomic number of 13, so its electron configuration is: .
Recognize that aluminum will lose electrons to achieve a stable noble gas configuration. The nearest noble gas is neon, which has the electron configuration: .
Determine how many electrons aluminum needs to lose to achieve the neon configuration. Aluminum will lose three electrons: two from the orbital and one from the orbital.
Conclude that the most likely charge resulting from the ionization of aluminum is +3, as it loses three electrons to form the ion.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Ionization Energy
Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion. For metals, this energy is generally lower than for nonmetals, making them more likely to lose electrons and form positive ions. Understanding ionization energy helps predict how easily a metal can ionize and the charge of the resulting ion.
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Ionization Potentials
Common Oxidation States
Metals often exhibit specific oxidation states based on their electron configuration. Aluminum, for instance, typically forms a +3 oxidation state when it ionizes, as it loses three electrons from its outer shell. Recognizing common oxidation states is crucial for predicting the charge of ions formed by different metals.
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Metallic Character
Metallic character refers to the tendency of an element to lose electrons and form positive ions. Elements with high metallic character, like aluminum, are more likely to ionize and form cations. This concept is essential for understanding the behavior of metals in chemical reactions and their resulting charges upon ionization.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Give the charge most likely to result from ionization of the following metals.
(a) Lithium
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Textbook Question
How many electrons does an atom of each of the following elements need to gain to achieve a noble gas configuration? By gaining that many electrons, which noble gas configuration is achieved?
(c) Phosphorus
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Textbook Question
Show the ionic compound that you would expect to form between the given metal and nonmetal. Label the charges on each species.
(a) Al and F
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Textbook Question
Give the charge most likely to result from ionization of the following metals.
(c) Potassium
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Textbook Question
How many electrons does an atom of each of the following elements need to gain to achieve a noble gas configuration? By gaining that many electrons, which noble gas configuration is achieved?
(d) Chlorine
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