21. Principles of Disease

If C. tetani is relatively sensitive to penicillin, why doesn’t penicillin cure tetanus?

Match the genera of pathogens to their appearance in stained smears: Actinomyces, Bacillus, Clostridium, Mycobacterium, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus.

(a) Methenamine silver <IMAGE>

(b) Gram <IMAGE>

(c) Gram <IMAGE>

(d) Acid fast <IMAGE>

(e) Gram <IMAGE>

(f) Gram <IMAGE>

Tetanospasmin and botulinum toxins affect muscles by

a. blocking the action potential traveling from the CNS to the PNS.

b. allowing the bacteria to enter neurons.

c. blocking the relaxation or contraction of the muscles.

d. damaging the axon itself.

Describe one way to prevent hookworm infection by N. americanus.

Which of the following statements is true?

a. PID is a severe type of diarrhea in which infection spreads from the intestines to

the bloodstream.

b. PID can result from Neisseria infection.

c. PID is more common in men than women.

d. Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae usually cause PID.

Briefly describe the procedures and positive results of the tuberculin test and what is indicated by a positive test.

Which of the following statements is true of Q fever?

a. For many years its cause was questionable.

b. It was first described in 1976 during an outbreak in Quincy, Massachusetts.

c. Researchers found it could be effectively treated with quinine.

d. The sharp spikes of fever on patients' temperature charts resemble porcupine quills.

Choose the false statement about HSV-1:

a. Viruses may be transmitted via wrestling mats.

b. Viruses may be transmitted via contact with lesions.

c. Viruses may be transmitted via the saliva of others with the virus.

d. Viruses may reactivate under stress-inducing conditions.

e. Viruses can be easily cured with common antivirals.

The process by which infectious agents are ingested by host cells is termed

Diseases that are naturally spread from their usual animal hosts to humans are called ___________ .

Your diabetic patient has a foot wound that has developed into serious necrosis and the recommended treatment has been sessions in the hyperbaric oxygen chamber. You are explaining to him what has contributed to this condition, including the causative agent, which is:

a. Bacillus anthracis.

b. Clostridium perfringens.

c. Corynebacteria diphtheriae.

d. Streptococcus pyogenes.

e. Pseudomonas aeroginosa.

A patient is admitted who is complaining of headache, disorientation, and numbness in his left arm. He was bitten by a raccoon two days before. The FIRST step taken to help this patient would be

a. retrieving and testing the raccoon’s brain tissues for the rabies virus.

b. collecting a CSF sample from the patient.

c. performing a tissue biopsy on the patient to look for Negri bodies.

d. administering an anti-rabies vaccine as well as anti-rabies antibodies.

Which of the following genera is the most infectious?

For each of the following diseases or conditions, indicate the genus (or genera) of bacterium that causes it.

___ Scalded skin syndrome

___ Osteomyelitis

___ Pharyngitis

___ Scarlet fever

___ Pyoderma

___ Rheumatic fever

___ Glomerulonephritis

___ Sinusitis

___ Otitis media

___ Anthrax

___ Myonecrosis

___ Diphtheria

___ Leprosy

___ Dental caries

___ Acne

A. Staphylococcus

B. Streptococcus

C. Mycobacterium

D. Listeria

E. Propionibacterium

F. Corynebacterium

G. Bacillus

H. Clostridium

I. Actinomyces

Name one organism that causes pyelonephritis. What are the portals of entry for microbes that cause pyelonephritis?