21. Principles of Disease

Which of these diseases has the highest incidence in the United States?

a. Brucellosis

b. Ebola

c. Malaria

d. Plague

e. Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Name six factors that facilitate the production of disease by Bordetella pertussis.

Pili, fimbriae, and sialic acid binding factors are examples of ________, which are virulence factors that allow pathogens to ________ host tissues––an essential early step in pathogenesis. In contrast, flagella, collagenases, and coagulases tend to act as ________, which help pathogens spread deeper into host tissues.

Match each bacterium with the disease or manifestations it causes.

1. _____ Escherichia coli

2. _____ Klebsiella pneumoniae

3. _____ Proteus mirabilis

4. _____ Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi

5. _____ Shigella flexneri

6. _____ Yersinia pestis

A. Bubonic plague

B. Typhoid fever

C. Gastroenteritis

D. Kidney stones

E. Pus-filled, bloody stools; cramps; fever; and diarrhea

F. Pneumonia

Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare was considered relatively harmless until the late 20th century, when it became common in certain infections. Explain how this bacterium’s pathogenicity changed.

The most severe rickettsial illness is caused by __________.

a. Rickettsia typhi

b. Rickettsia rickettsii

c. Orientia tsutsugamushi

d. Ehrlichia chaffeensis

Why is C. perfringens likely to grow in gangrenous wounds?

Which of the following statements is true?

a. The primary goal of a pathogen is to kill its host.

b. Evolution selects for the most virulent pathogens.

c. A successful pathogen doesn't kill its host before it is transmitted.

d. A successful pathogen never kills its host.

True or False: Giardia infections in the United States are all imported from other countries.

Which of the following bacterial cells is most likely to be virulent?

a. A cell with fimbriae and LOS

b. A cell with a polysaccharide capsule and lipooligosaccharide

c. A cell with fimbriae, lipooligosaccharide, and a polysaccharide capsule

d. A cell with fimbriae but no capsule

A patient who has just immigrated to the United States after serving in the Iraqi army is displaying a bruiselike rash, headache, and sensitivity to light. The doctor will immediately recommend administration of

a. ceftriaxone.

b. penicillin.

c. gentamycin.

d. rifampicin.

Why are mycoplasmas able to survive a relatively wide range of osmotic conditions, even though these bacteria lack cell walls?

Which of the following is associated with chronic neuralgia?

a. Herpes simplex 1 virus

b. Streptococcus pyogenes

c, Measles virus

d. Varicella-zoster virus

e. Papilloma virus

The __________ vaccine is a childhood vaccine to protect against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis; in contrast, the __________ vaccine is a booster shot recommended for adolescents and adults to protect against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis.

The bacterium that causes spotted fever rickettsiosis (RMSF) is more likely to infect a human ______________.

a. If an infected tick feeds for several hours

b. When an infected tick initially penetrates the skin

c. When contaminated tick feces dry and become airborne

d. If the human is exposed to rodent feces containing the bacterium