Textbook Question
The type of fracture that occurs in osteoporosis:
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Ch. 3 Cells: The Living Units
Marieb, Hoehn11th EditionHuman Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780136874034
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 The Human Body: An Orientation24
- Ch. 2 Chemistry Comes Alive25
- Ch. 3 Cells: The Living Units21
- Ch. 4 Tissue: The Living Fabric20
- Ch. 5 The Integumentary System11
- Ch. 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues19
- Ch. 7 The Skeleton14
- Ch. 8 Joints7
- Ch. 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue26
- Ch. 10 The Muscular System26
- Ch. 11 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue19
- Ch. 12 The Central Nervous System26
- Ch. 13 The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity32
- Ch. 14 The Autonomic Nervous System19
- Ch. 15 The Special Senses26
- Ch. 16 The Endocrine System23
- Ch. 17 Blood25
- Ch. 18 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart24
- Ch. 19 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels27
- Ch. 20 The Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Organs and Tissues14
- Ch. 21 The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses27
- Ch. 22 The Respiratory System21
- Ch. 23 The Digestive System31
- Ch. 24 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Energy Balance26
- Ch. 25 The Urinary System26
- Ch. 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance24
- Ch. 27 The Reproductive System24
- Ch. 28 Pregnancy and Human Development25
- Ch. 29 Heredity11
Marieb, Hoehn11th EditionHuman Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780136874034Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 3, Problem 19
Two examples of chemotherapeutic drugs (drugs used to treat cancer) and their cellular actions are listed below. Explain why each drug could be fatal to a cell. • Vincristine (brand name Oncovin): damages the mitotic spindle • Doxorubicin (Adriamycin): binds to DNA and blocks mRNA synthesis
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Understand the role of the mitotic spindle in cell division: The mitotic spindle is essential for separating chromosomes during mitosis, ensuring each daughter cell receives the correct number of chromosomes.
Analyze how Vincristine affects the cell: Since Vincristine damages the mitotic spindle, it disrupts chromosome separation, leading to cell cycle arrest or cell death because the cell cannot properly divide.
Understand the process of mRNA synthesis (transcription): mRNA synthesis is crucial for producing proteins needed for cell survival and function, as it carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.
Analyze how Doxorubicin affects the cell: By binding to DNA and blocking mRNA synthesis, Doxorubicin prevents the cell from making essential proteins, which can halt cell function and lead to cell death.
Summarize why both drugs can be fatal: Both drugs interfere with critical cellular processes—Vincristine disrupts mitosis, and Doxorubicin blocks protein synthesis—leading to the inability of the cell to survive or proliferate.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Mitotic Spindle and Cell Division
The mitotic spindle is a structure composed of microtubules that segregates chromosomes during cell division. Damage to the spindle, as caused by vincristine, prevents proper chromosome separation, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, which can be fatal to rapidly dividing cells like cancer cells.
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Centrosomes & Mitotic Spindles
DNA Binding and Transcription Inhibition
Doxorubicin binds directly to DNA, interfering with the process of transcription by blocking mRNA synthesis. This halts the production of essential proteins, disrupting cellular functions and leading to cell death, especially in cells that require high rates of protein synthesis.
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Mechanism of Chemotherapeutic Drug Toxicity
Chemotherapeutic drugs target critical cellular processes to kill cancer cells. By disrupting mitosis or DNA function, these drugs induce fatal damage that normal cells can sometimes repair, but cancer cells, due to their rapid division and altered repair mechanisms, are more susceptible to death.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
A nerve cell and a lymphocyte are presumed to differ in their:
a. Specialized structure
b. Suppressed genes and embryonic history
c. Genetic information
d. a and b, e. a and c
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Textbook Question
Cell division typically yields two daughter cells, each with one nucleus. How is the occasional binucleate condition of liver cells explained?
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Textbook Question
Comment on the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining a cell's resting membrane potential.
Textbook Question
In their anatomy lab, many students are exposed to the chemical preservatives phenol, formaldehyde, and alcohol. Our cells break down these toxins very effectively. What cellular organelle is responsible for this?
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Textbook Question
A 'red-hot' bacterial infection of the intestinal tract irritates the intestinal cells and interferes with digestion. Such a condition is often accompanied by diarrhea, which causes loss of body water. On the basis of what you have learned about osmotic water flows, explain why diarrhea may occur.
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