Textbook Question
The biggest source of metabolic acids in the body is:
a. Lactic acid
b. Ketone bodies
c. Carbon dioxide
d. Uric acid
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Ch. 25 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis
Amerman2nd EditionHuman Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780136873822
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology26
- Ch. 2 The Chemistry of Life38
- Ch. 3 The Cell55
- Ch. 4 Histology47
- Ch. 5 The Integumentary System30
- Ch. 6 Bones and Bone Tissue36
- Ch. 7 The Skeletal System40
- Ch. 8 Articulations19
- Ch. 9 The Muscular System36
- Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue and Physiology29
- Ch. 11 Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue28
- Ch. 12 The Central Nervous System42
- Ch. 13 The Peripheral Nervous System41
- Ch. 14 The Autonomic Nervous System and Homeostasis31
- Ch. 15 The Special Senses39
- Ch. 16 The Endocrine System42
- Ch. 17 The Cardiovascular System I: The Heart30
- Ch. 18 The Cardiovascular System II: The Blood Vessels43
- Ch. 19 Blood32
- Ch. 20 The Lymphatic System and Immunity45
- Ch. 21 The Respiratory System27
- Ch. 22 The Digestive System27
- Ch. 23 Metabolism and Nutrition7
- Ch. 24 The Urinary System39
- Ch. 25 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis39
- Ch. 26 The Reproductive System10
- Ch. 27 Development and Heredity5
Chapter 25, Problem 14
An increase in ventilation ________ the pH of the blood due to a/an ________ of carbon dioxide in the blood. A decrease in ventilation ________ the pH of the blood due to a/an ________ of carbon dioxide in the blood.
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand the relationship between ventilation and blood pH: Ventilation affects the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood, which in turn influences the pH. CO2 reacts with water in the blood to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-). An increase in H+ concentration lowers pH (more acidic), while a decrease in H+ concentration raises pH (more basic).
Analyze the effect of increased ventilation: Increased ventilation (hyperventilation) expels more CO2 from the lungs. This reduces the amount of CO2 in the blood, leading to a decrease in carbonic acid formation. As a result, the concentration of H+ ions decreases, causing the blood pH to rise (become more basic).
Analyze the effect of decreased ventilation: Decreased ventilation (hypoventilation) causes CO2 to accumulate in the blood. This increases the formation of carbonic acid, which dissociates into more H+ ions. The higher concentration of H+ ions lowers the blood pH (making it more acidic).
Fill in the blanks for the first part of the problem: 'An increase in ventilation ________ the pH of the blood due to a/an ________ of carbon dioxide in the blood.' The correct terms are 'increases' and 'decrease,' respectively, because increased ventilation raises pH by reducing CO2 levels.
Fill in the blanks for the second part of the problem: 'A decrease in ventilation ________ the pH of the blood due to a/an ________ of carbon dioxide in the blood.' The correct terms are 'decreases' and 'increase,' respectively, because decreased ventilation lowers pH by increasing CO2 levels.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Ventilation
Ventilation refers to the process of moving air in and out of the lungs, which is crucial for gas exchange. It affects the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. Increased ventilation leads to more carbon dioxide being expelled, which can raise blood pH, while decreased ventilation retains carbon dioxide, lowering blood pH.
pH and Acid-Base Balance
pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, with normal blood pH ranging from 7.35 to 7.45. The body maintains acid-base balance through various mechanisms, including respiration. Changes in carbon dioxide levels, influenced by ventilation, directly affect blood pH, as carbon dioxide can form carbonic acid when dissolved in blood.
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Acids and Bases
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Respiratory Regulation
Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of metabolism and plays a key role in regulating blood pH. When CO2 levels rise due to decreased ventilation, it leads to increased acidity (lower pH). Conversely, when ventilation increases, CO2 is expelled, resulting in a more alkaline environment (higher pH). This relationship is vital for maintaining homeostasis in the body.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Explain what happens to the pH of a buffered solution when hydrogen ions are added. Why does this happen?
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Textbook Question
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
b. Renal compensation for acid-base disturbances begins within minutes, whereas respiratory compensation begins within several hours.
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Textbook Question
Which of the following mechanisms is/are used by the kidneys to regulate the pH of the blood? Circle all that apply.
a. Hydrogen ions are secreted from the proximal and distal tubules and the collecting system.
b. Hydrogen ions are reabsorbed from the nephron loop.
c. New bicarbonate ions are formed from glutamine and carbon dioxide in the interstitial fluid that enters proximal tubule cells.
d. Bicarbonate ions can be secreted.
e. Bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed directly from the filtrate.
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Textbook Question
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
a. Respiratory acidosis is caused by hypoventilation.
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Textbook Question
What is the main buffer system of the ECF?
a. Protein buffer system
b. Carbonic acid–bicarbonate ion buffer system
c. Phosphate buffer system
d. None of the above
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