22. The Respiratory System

What is the significance of

(b) Dalton's law, to the process of respiration?

What is it about the structure of the alveoli that makes them an ideal site for gas exchange?

Why do individuals who are anemic generally not exhibit an increase in respiratory rate or tidal volume, even though their blood is not carrying enough oxygen?

What happens to the process of respiration when a person is sneezing or coughing?

You and a friend are having a contest to see who can hold his or her breath the longest. Your friend hyperventilates before holding his breath, and subsequently wins the contest. Why did hyperventilation give him an advantage?

Clearly explain the difference between external and internal respiration.

Which of the following does not occur in internal respiration?

(a) Oxygen diffuses from the blood to the interstitial spaces.

(b) Carbon dioxide diffuses from the interstitial spaces to the blood.

(c) Hemoglobin binds more oxygen.

(d) Bicarbonate ions are formed in red blood cells.

(e) Chloride ions diffuse into red blood cells as bicarbonate ions diffuse out.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by:

a. Active transport

b. Diffusion

c. Filtration

d. Osmosis

When the alveolar Pco₂ decreases, the pulmonary arterioles_____. When the arteriolar Pco₂ increases, the bronchioles_______.

Henry's law states that the degree to which a gas dissolves in a liquid is determined by its:

a. Partial pressure

b. Solubility

c. Surface tension

d. Both a and b are correct

e. All of the above are correct

Doris has an obstruction of her right primary bronchus. As a result, how would the oxygen–hemoglobin saturation curve for her right lung compare with that for her left?

Gas exchange at the blood air barrier is efficient because

(a) The differences in partial pressure are substantial

(b) The gases are lipid soluble

(c) The total surface area is large

(d) Of all of these