Textbook Question
Ammonia appears in [TABLE 2-2] as both an acid and a conjugate base.
d. Show how methanol (CH3OH) can serve as both an acid and a base. Write an equation for the reaction of methanol with sulfuric acid.
Ch. 2 - Acids and Bases; Functional Groups
Wade9th EditionOrganic ChemistryISBN: 9780135213728
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 - Structure and Bonding107
- Ch. 2 - Acids and Bases; Functional Groups115
- Ch.3 - Structure and Stereochemistry of Alkanes100
- Ch.4 - The Study of Chemical Reactions99
- Ch.5 - Stereochemistry93
- Ch.6 - Alkyl Halides; Nucleophilic Substitution118
- Ch. 7 - Structure and Synthesis of Alkenes; Elimination158
- Ch.8 - Reactions of Alkenes171
- Ch.9 - Alkynes91
- Ch.10 - Structure and Synthesis of Alcohols143
- Ch.11 - Reactions of Alcohols104
- Ch. 12 - Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry22
- Ch. 13 - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy45
- Ch. 14 - Ethers, Epoxides, and Thioethers72
- Ch. 15 - Conjugated Systems, Orbital Symmetry, and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy89
- Ch. 16 - Aromatic Compounds74
- Ch. 17 - Reactions of Aromatic Compounds126
- Ch. 18 - Ketones and Aldehydes193
- Ch. 19 - Amines129
- Ch. 20 - Carboxylic Acids77
- Ch. 21 - Carboxylic Acid Derivatives141
- Ch. 22 - Condensations and Alpha Substitutions of Carbonyl Compounds175
- Ch. 23 - Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids93
- Ch. 24 - Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins54
Chapter 2, Problem 11b
Ethanol, methylamine, and acetic acid are all amphoteric, reacting as either acids or bases depending on the conditions.
b. Rank ethanol, methylamine, and acetic acid in decreasing order of basicity. In each case, show the equation for the reaction with a generic acid (HA) to give the conjugate acid.
Verified step by step guidance1
Identify the functional groups in each compound: Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) has a hydroxyl group, methylamine (CH3NH2) has an amino group, and acetic acid (CH3COOH) has a carboxylic acid group.
Understand the basicity of each functional group: Amines (like methylamine) are generally more basic than alcohols (like ethanol) and carboxylic acids (like acetic acid) because the lone pair on nitrogen is more available for protonation compared to the lone pairs on oxygen.
Write the reaction of each compound with a generic acid (HA) to form the conjugate acid: For ethanol, CH3CH2OH + HA → CH3CH2OH2+ + A-. For methylamine, CH3NH2 + HA → CH3NH3+ + A-. For acetic acid, CH3COOH + HA → CH3COOH2+ + A-.
Compare the stability of the conjugate acids: The conjugate acid of methylamine (CH3NH3+) is more stable than that of ethanol (CH3CH2OH2+) and acetic acid (CH3COOH2+), making methylamine the most basic.
Rank the compounds in decreasing order of basicity: Methylamine > Ethanol > Acetic Acid.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Amphoteric Compounds
Amphoteric compounds can act as both acids and bases depending on the environment. This dual behavior is crucial in acid-base chemistry, as it allows these substances to participate in various reactions. For example, ethanol can donate a proton (acting as an acid) or accept a proton (acting as a base), depending on the reactants present.
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01:40
Defining meso compounds.
Basicity
Basicity refers to the ability of a substance to accept protons (H+) in a chemical reaction. In the context of the question, the basicity of ethanol, methylamine, and acetic acid can be compared by examining their structures and the stability of their conjugate acids. Methylamine, with its nitrogen atom, is generally more basic than ethanol and acetic acid due to the availability of a lone pair of electrons for protonation.
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06:21Understanding the difference between basicity and nucleophilicity.
Conjugate Acids
A conjugate acid is formed when a base accepts a proton. Understanding the formation of conjugate acids is essential for ranking the basicity of the given compounds. For instance, when methylamine reacts with a generic acid (HA), it forms its conjugate acid (CH3NH3+), which can be compared to the conjugate acids of ethanol and acetic acid to determine their relative basicities.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Ethanol, methylamine, and acetic acid are all amphoteric, reacting as either acids or bases depending on the conditions.
a. Rank ethanol, methylamine, and acetic acid in decreasing order of acidity. In each case, show the equation for the reaction with a generic base (B:−) to give the conjugate base.
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Textbook Question
Write equations for the following acid–base reactions. Label the conjugate acids and bases, and show any inductive stabilization. Predict whether the equilibrium favors the reactants or products. Try to do this without using a table of pKa values, but if you need a hint, you can consult Appendix 4.
a. CH3CH2OH + CH3NH−
b. F3CCOONa + Br3C—COOH
c. CH3OH + H2SO4
Textbook Question
For each of the following reactions, suggest which solvent(s) would be compatible with the acids and bases involved. (We will ignore any other possible reactions for now.) Your choices of solvents are pentane, diethyl ether, ethanol, water, and ammonia. Refer to Appendix 4 for any needed values of pKa, or estimate them.
c.
d.
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Textbook Question
Write equations for the following acid–base reactions. Use the information in Table 2-2 or Appendix 4 to predict whether the equilibrium will favor the reactants or the products.
a. HCOOH + –CN
b. CH3COO– + CH3OH
c. (CH3)2CHOH + NaNH2
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Textbook Question
For each of the following reactions, suggest which solvent(s) would be compatible with the acids and bases involved. (We will ignore any other possible reactions for now.) Your choices of solvents are pentane, diethyl ether, ethanol, water, and ammonia. Refer to Appendix 4 for any needed values of pKa, or estimate them.
a. CH3Li + H—C≡C—H → CH4 + H—C≡CLi
b. CH3Li + (CH3)3C—OH → CH4 + (CH3)3C—OLi
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