Textbook Question
Calculate the oxidation number of the indicated atoms in the following reaction.
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Ch. 24 - Benzene II: Reactions Influenced by the Aromatic Ring
Mullins1st EditionOrganic Chemistry: A Learner Centered ApproachISBN: 9780137566471
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Table of contents
- Ch. 2 - General Chemistry Translated: Finding the Electrons114
- Ch. 3 - Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Properties and Conformational Analysis109
- Ch. 4 - Acids and Bases: Electron Flow144
- Ch. 5 - Chemical Reaction Analysis: Thermodynamics and Kinetics118
- Ch. 6 - Stereoisomerism: Arrangement of Atoms in Space112
- Ch. 7 - Principles of Green (Organic) Chemistry3
- Ch. 8 - Alkenes I: Properties and Electrophilic Additions158
- Ch. 9 - Alkenes II: Oxidation and Reduction150
- Ch. 10 - Alkynes: Electrophilic Addition and Redox Reactions101
- Ch. 11 - Properties and Synthesis of Alkyl Halides: Radical Reactions108
- Ch. 12 - Substitution and Elimination: Reactions of Haloalkanes172
- Ch. 13 - Alcohols, Ethers and Related Compounds: Substitution and Elimination239
- Ch. 14 - Structural Identification I: Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry54
- Ch. 15 - Structural Identification II: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy93
- Ch. 16 - Metals in Organic Chemistry48
- Ch. 17 - Carbonyl Addition Reactions: Aldehydes and Ketones45
- Ch. 18 - Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution I: Carboxylic Acids18
- Ch. 19 - Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution II: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives39
- Ch. 20 - Enolates: Carbonyl Addition and Substitution13
- Ch. 21 - Conjugated Systems I: Stability and Addition Reactions56
- Ch. 22 - Conjugated Systems II: Pericyclic Reactions54
- Ch. 23 - Benzene I: Aromatic Stability and Substitution Reactions64
- Ch. 24 - Benzene II: Reactions Influenced by the Aromatic Ring62
- Ch. 25 - Amines: Structure, Reactions, and Synthesis27
- Ch. 26 - Amino Acids, Proteins, and Peptide Synthesis9
- Ch. 27 - Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, and Lipids54
Mullins1st EditionOrganic Chemistry: A Learner Centered ApproachISBN: 9780137566471Not the one you use?Change textbook
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Mullins 1st EditionCh. 24 - Benzene II: Reactions Influenced by the Aromatic RingProblem 1
Mullins 1st EditionCh. 24 - Benzene II: Reactions Influenced by the Aromatic RingProblem 1Chapter 23, Problem 1
A carboxylic acid ( pKa = 5) is 1011 times more acidic than an alcohol (pKa = 16). Why?
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Step 1: Understand the concept of pKa. The pKa value is a measure of the acidity of a compound. Lower pKa values indicate stronger acids, while higher pKa values indicate weaker acids. Here, the carboxylic acid has a pKa of 5, and the alcohol has a pKa of 16, meaning the carboxylic acid is significantly more acidic.
Step 2: Compare the stability of the conjugate bases. When an acid donates a proton, it forms its conjugate base. The stability of the conjugate base is a key factor in determining the acidity of the acid. The carboxylic acid forms a carboxylate ion (R-COO⁻), which is stabilized by resonance. The alcohol forms an alkoxide ion (R-O⁻), which lacks resonance stabilization.
Step 3: Analyze resonance stabilization in the carboxylate ion. The carboxylate ion has two oxygen atoms that share the negative charge through resonance. This delocalization of charge makes the conjugate base more stable, which in turn makes the carboxylic acid more acidic.
Step 4: Consider the electronegativity of oxygen. Both carboxylic acids and alcohols have oxygen atoms, but in carboxylic acids, the carbonyl group (C=O) further increases the electron-withdrawing effect. This effect stabilizes the negative charge on the conjugate base, enhancing the acidity of the carboxylic acid.
Step 5: Relate the pKa difference to the acidity difference. The difference in pKa values (16 - 5 = 11) corresponds to a factor of 10¹¹ in acidity. This exponential relationship arises because pKa is logarithmic, meaning small changes in pKa result in large changes in acidity.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Acidity and pKₐ
Acidity in organic chemistry is often measured using the pKₐ value, which indicates the strength of an acid. A lower pKₐ value corresponds to a stronger acid, meaning it dissociates more readily in solution to release protons (H⁺). In this case, the carboxylic acid with a pKₐ of 5 is significantly stronger than the alcohol with a pKₐ of 16, making it more likely to donate a proton.
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Carboxylic Acids vs. Alcohols
Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl group (-COOH) that can easily lose a proton, while alcohols have a hydroxyl group (-OH) that is less likely to do so. The resonance stabilization of the carboxylate ion formed after deprotonation enhances the acidity of carboxylic acids, making them much stronger acids compared to alcohols, which do not benefit from such stabilization.
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Comparative Acidity
The comparative acidity of different functional groups can be understood through their ability to stabilize the negative charge after losing a proton. In this scenario, the carboxylic acid is 10¹¹ times more acidic than the alcohol, indicating that the carboxylate ion formed is much more stable than the alkoxide ion from the alcohol, thus favoring the dissociation of the carboxylic acid.
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