Textbook Question
Which of the following has delocalized electrons?
g.
h.
i.
1
views
Ch. 8 - Delocalized Electrons: Their Effect on Stability, pKa, and the Products of a Reaction • Aromaticity and Electronic Effects: An Introduction to the Reactions of Benzene
Bruice8th EditionOrganic ChemistryISBN: 9780135213711
Not the one you use?Change textbookSelect a different textbook
Table of contents
- Ch. 1 - Remembering General Chemistry: Electronic Structure and Bonding (Part 1)31
- Ch. 1 - Remembering General Chemistry: Electronic Structure and Bonding (Part 2)65
- Ch. 2 - Acids and Bases: Central to Understanding Organic Chemistry84
- Ch. 3 - An Introduction to Organic Compounds:Nomenclature, Physical Properties, and Structure183
- Ch. 4 - Isomers: The Arrangement of Atoms in Space121
- Ch. 5 - Alkenes: Structure, Nomenclature, and an Introduction to Reactivity • Thermodynamics and Kinetics83
- Ch. 6 - The Reactions of Alkenes • The Stereochemistry of Addition Reactions175
- Ch. 7 - The Reactions of Alkynes • An Introduction to Multistep Synthesis119
- Ch. 8 - Delocalized Electrons: Their Effect on Stability, pKa, and the Products of a Reaction • Aromaticity and Electronic Effects: An Introduction to the Reactions of Benzene148
- Ch. 9 - Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides212
- Ch. 10 - Reactions of Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides, Amines, and Sulfur-Containing Compounds131
- Ch. 11 - Organometallic Compounds60
- Ch. 12 - Radicals90
- Ch. 13 - Mass Spectrometry; Infrared Spectroscopy; UV/Vis Spectroscopy62
- Ch. 14 - NMR Spectroscopy95
- Ch. 15 - Reactions of Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives123
- Ch. 16 - Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones • More Reactions of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives141
- Ch. 17 - Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon101
- Ch. 18 - Reactions of Benzene and Substituted Benzenes144
- Ch. 19 - More About Amines • Reactions of Heterocyclic Compounds49
- Ch. 20 - The Organic Chemistry of Carbohydrates80
- Ch. 21 - Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins57
- Ch. 22 - Catalysis in Organic Reactions and in Enzymatic Reactions35
- Ch. 23 - The Organic Chemistry of the Coenzymes—Compounds Derived from Vitamins1
- Ch. 28 - Pericyclic Reactions58
All textbooks
Bruice 8th EditionCh. 8 - Delocalized Electrons: Their Effect on Stability, pKa, and the Products of a Reaction • Aromaticity and Electronic Effects: An Introduction to the Reactions of BenzeneProblem 61a,b,c
Bruice 8th EditionCh. 8 - Delocalized Electrons: Their Effect on Stability, pKa, and the Products of a Reaction • Aromaticity and Electronic Effects: An Introduction to the Reactions of BenzeneProblem 61a,b,cChapter 9, Problem 61a,b,c
Which of the following has delocalized electrons?
a. 
b. 
c. 
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Understand the concept of delocalized electrons. Delocalized electrons are electrons that are not associated with a single atom or a single covalent bond. Instead, they are spread out over multiple atoms, typically in a conjugated π-system or within a resonance structure.
Step 2: Identify the structural features that allow for delocalization. Look for conjugated systems, which are alternating single and double bonds, or resonance structures where electrons can move between atoms.
Step 3: Analyze each option (a, b, c) to determine if it contains a conjugated π-system or resonance structures. For example, check if there are alternating double and single bonds or lone pairs that can participate in resonance.
Step 4: Use resonance structures to confirm delocalization. Draw possible resonance forms for each option to see if electrons can be delocalized across multiple atoms.
Step 5: Based on the analysis, identify which option(s) have delocalized electrons. Ensure that the structure satisfies the criteria for delocalization, such as the presence of a conjugated system or resonance stabilization.
Verified video answer for a similar problem:
This video solution was recommended by our tutors as helpful for the problem above.
Video duration:
6mWas this helpful?
Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Delocalized Electrons
Delocalized electrons are electrons that are not confined to a single atom or bond but are spread over multiple atoms. This phenomenon occurs in molecules with conjugated systems or resonance structures, where the electron density is shared among several atoms, leading to increased stability and unique chemical properties.
Recommended video:
Guided course
03:54
The 18 and 16 Electron Rule
Resonance Structures
Resonance structures are different ways of drawing the same molecule that illustrate the delocalization of electrons. These structures help to represent the actual electron distribution more accurately, as the true structure is a hybrid of all possible resonance forms, contributing to the molecule's stability and reactivity.
Recommended video:
Guided course
03:04Drawing Resonance Structures
Conjugation
Conjugation refers to the overlap of p-orbitals across adjacent double or triple bonds, allowing for the delocalization of electrons. This arrangement enhances the stability of the molecule and can affect its color, reactivity, and other physical properties, making it a key concept in understanding organic compounds.
Recommended video:
Guided course
03:27Conjugated states
Related Practice
Textbook Question
Refer to the electrostatic potential maps <IMAGE> to answer the following questions:
c. Why is the center of the electrostatic potential map of benzene more red than the center of the electrostatic potential map of pyridine?
1
views
Textbook Question
Which of the following compounds could be protonated without destroying its aromaticity?
Textbook Question
What orbitals contain the electrons represented as lone pairs in the structures of purine, and pyrimidine?
2
views
Textbook Question
a. Draw resonance contributors for the following species, showing all the lone pairs:
b. For each species, indicate the most stable resonance contributor.
3. NO2-
2
views
Textbook Question
Which of the following has delocalized electrons?
j.
k.
l.
3
views