Textbook Question
Describe the orbitals used in bonding and the bond angles in the following compounds:
d. N2
2
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Ch. 1 - Remembering General Chemistry: Electronic Structure and Bonding (Part 2)
Bruice8th EditionOrganic ChemistryISBN: 9780135213711
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 - Remembering General Chemistry: Electronic Structure and Bonding (Part 1)31
- Ch. 1 - Remembering General Chemistry: Electronic Structure and Bonding (Part 2)65
- Ch. 2 - Acids and Bases: Central to Understanding Organic Chemistry84
- Ch. 3 - An Introduction to Organic Compounds:Nomenclature, Physical Properties, and Structure183
- Ch. 4 - Isomers: The Arrangement of Atoms in Space121
- Ch. 5 - Alkenes: Structure, Nomenclature, and an Introduction to Reactivity • Thermodynamics and Kinetics83
- Ch. 6 - The Reactions of Alkenes • The Stereochemistry of Addition Reactions175
- Ch. 7 - The Reactions of Alkynes • An Introduction to Multistep Synthesis119
- Ch. 8 - Delocalized Electrons: Their Effect on Stability, pKa, and the Products of a Reaction • Aromaticity and Electronic Effects: An Introduction to the Reactions of Benzene148
- Ch. 9 - Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides212
- Ch. 10 - Reactions of Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides, Amines, and Sulfur-Containing Compounds131
- Ch. 11 - Organometallic Compounds60
- Ch. 12 - Radicals90
- Ch. 13 - Mass Spectrometry; Infrared Spectroscopy; UV/Vis Spectroscopy62
- Ch. 14 - NMR Spectroscopy95
- Ch. 15 - Reactions of Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives123
- Ch. 16 - Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones • More Reactions of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives141
- Ch. 17 - Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon101
- Ch. 18 - Reactions of Benzene and Substituted Benzenes144
- Ch. 19 - More About Amines • Reactions of Heterocyclic Compounds49
- Ch. 20 - The Organic Chemistry of Carbohydrates80
- Ch. 21 - Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins57
- Ch. 22 - Catalysis in Organic Reactions and in Enzymatic Reactions35
- Ch. 23 - The Organic Chemistry of the Coenzymes—Compounds Derived from Vitamins1
- Ch. 28 - Pericyclic Reactions58
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Bruice 8th EditionCh. 1 - Remembering General Chemistry: Electronic Structure and Bonding (Part 2)Problem 39c
Bruice 8th EditionCh. 1 - Remembering General Chemistry: Electronic Structure and Bonding (Part 2)Problem 39cChapter 2, Problem 39c
Describe the orbitals used in bonding and the bond angles in the following compounds:
c. H2CO
Verified step by step guidance1
Identify the central atom in the molecule H₂CO. In this case, the central atom is carbon (C).
Determine the hybridization of the central atom. Carbon in H₂CO forms a double bond with oxygen and two single bonds with hydrogen atoms. This indicates sp² hybridization, as one s orbital and two p orbitals mix to form three sp² hybrid orbitals.
Describe the orbitals involved in bonding. The carbon atom uses its sp² hybrid orbitals to form sigma (σ) bonds with the two hydrogen atoms and one sigma bond with the oxygen atom. The remaining unhybridized p orbital on carbon overlaps with a p orbital on oxygen to form a pi (π) bond, completing the double bond.
Explain the bond angles. In sp² hybridization, the three sp² orbitals are arranged in a trigonal planar geometry around the central atom, resulting in bond angles of approximately 120°.
Summarize the bonding and geometry. The molecule H₂CO has a trigonal planar geometry around the carbon atom, with sp² hybrid orbitals forming sigma bonds and a p orbital forming a pi bond in the double bond with oxygen.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Hybridization
Hybridization is the process by which atomic orbitals mix to form new hybrid orbitals that are suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds. In H2CO (formaldehyde), the central carbon atom undergoes sp2 hybridization, resulting in three equivalent sp2 hybrid orbitals that are arranged in a trigonal planar geometry.
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Using bond sites to predict hybridization
Bond Angles
Bond angles are the angles formed between adjacent bonds in a molecule, which are influenced by the arrangement of hybrid orbitals. In H2CO, the bond angles around the carbon atom are approximately 120 degrees due to its sp2 hybridization, reflecting the trigonal planar structure of the molecule.
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Molecular Geometry
Molecular geometry refers to the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule. For H2CO, the molecular geometry is trigonal planar, which is characterized by the carbon atom at the center with two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom bonded to it, leading to a flat structure that affects the molecule's reactivity and properties.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Predict the approximate bond angles in
a. the methyl cation.
b. the methyl radical.
c. the methyl anion.
2
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Textbook Question
Describe the orbitals used in bonding and the bond angles in the following compounds:
e. BF3
1
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Textbook Question
What is the hybridization of each of the C, N, and O atoms in the following compounds:
1
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Textbook Question
According to the potential map for the ammonium ion <IMAGE>, which atom has the greatest electron density?
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Textbook Question
Describe the orbitals used in bonding and the bond angles in the following compounds:
a. CH3O-
3
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