21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition

Predict the products formed when cyclohexanecarbaldehyde reacts with the following reagents.

(d) excess ethanol and acid

Which of the following compounds is classified as an acetal?

Draw structures of the following derivatives.

(e) acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal

In Section 17.7.4, we studied the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of acetals. The acetal shown here resists hydrolysis by the mechanism in Figure 17.63. Why? [Draw the intermediates as if the reaction would occur, then analyze the intermediates for any problems.]

Identify A through O:

Provide the chemical steps necessary for the following synthesis.

Determine the starting materials based on the acetal group present.

Simple aminoacetals hydrolyze quickly and easily in dilute acid. Propose a mechanism for hydrolysis of the following aminoacetal:

What are the products of the following reactions?

e.

Alcohols combine with ketones and aldehydes to form interesting derivatives, which we will discuss in Chapter 18. The following reactions show the hydrolysis of two such derivatives. Propose mechanisms for these reactions.

(a)