3. Acids and Bases

Show an arrow-pushing mechanism that forms the product on the right from the reactant at left. Two arrows are necessary in each reaction.

(b)

Which of the following best describes the products formed from a two-step reaction sequence where 2-bromopropane reacts first with aqueous ${\mathrm{Na}}_{\mathrm{OH}}$ and then with concentrated $H_2\mathrm{SO}{4}_4$?

Which of the following best describes the mechanism for the reaction of $t_1-\mathrm{butyl} \mathrm{bromide}$ with aqueous $\mathrm{NaOH}$ to form $t_1-\mathrm{butanol}$?

Label the reactants in these acid–base reactions as Lewis acids (electrophiles) or Lewis bases (nucleophiles). Use curved arrows to show the movement of electron pairs in the reactions.

(d)

Identify the arrows shown by type and predict the product that should result.

(a)

Identify the electrophile and the nucleophile in each of the following reaction steps and then draw curved arrows to illustrate the bond-making and bondbreaking processes.

c.

To which atom of formaldehyde would you expect H⁺ to add?

Which of the following statements best describes the induced fit model of enzyme activity?

The following reaction steps are shown using conventional electron pushing. (a) Draw the second product whose formation would have been rationalized with this same arrow.

(c)

Which of the following statements correctly identifies the major thermodynamic and kinetic products in the addition of $H_{\mathrm{Br}}$ to $1,3-\mathrm{butadiene}$ under different conditions?

Which step is the rate-determining step in the $S{N}_1$ reaction mechanism?

Which of the following best completes the mechanism for the reduction of butanone with ${\mathrm{Na}}_{\mathrm{BH}}4$ in aqueous solution?

In the context of a nucleophilic substitution reaction mechanism, which structure is typically observed at the position indicated by the arrow during the transition state?

Predict the product that results from the following 'pushed electrons.'

(c)

In the context of an $S_{\mathrm{N}}1$ reaction mechanism, which is the most likely first step in the mechanism for this reaction?