1. A Review of General Chemistry

For each of these ions, draw the important resonance forms and predict which resonance form is likely to be the major contributor.

(c)

Which of the following statements about the resonance structures of the carbonate ion ${\mathrm{CO}}_3{-}^2$ is correct?

Which of the following is the most stable resonance structure for the ${\mathrm{NCO}}_{}-$ ion when carbon is the central atom?

Draw the resonance structure that would result from the indicated movement of electrons.

(a)

a. Draw resonance contributors for the following species. Do not include structures that are so unstable that their contributions to the resonance hybrid would be negligible. Indicate which are major contributors and which are minor contributors to the resonance hybrid.

b. Do any of the species have resonance contributors that all contribute equally to the resonance hybrid?

7.

Identify the resonance structure that will be produced given the molecule shown and the electron flow indicated.

(c)

Which of the following best describes the resonance structures of the ozone molecule $O_3$?

Given the following arrow-pushing scheme for the ${CH{3}_{}COO}^{-}$ (acetate ion), choose the correct resonance structure that results: The lone pair on one oxygen atom forms a double bond with the central carbon, while the double bond between carbon and the other oxygen becomes a lone pair on that oxygen.

Draw resonance contributors for the following ions:

a.

Which of the following statements best describes the resonance structures of $C_{\mathrm{Cl}}4$ (carbon tetrachloride)?

a. Draw resonance contributors for the following species. Do not include structures that are so unstable that their contributions to the resonance hybrid would be negligible. Indicate which are major contributors and which are minor contributors to the resonance hybrid.

b. Do any of the species have resonance contributors that all contribute equally to the resonance hybrid?

15.

Draw the resonance contributors for phenol.

a. Predict the relative bond lengths of the three carbon–oxygen bonds in the carbonate ion.

b. What is the charge on each oxygen?

Draw resonance contributors for each of the following species and rank them in order of decreasing contribution to the resonance hybrid. Then draw the resonance hybrid.

b.

Which of the following has delocalized electrons?

j.

k.

l.