1. A Review of General Chemistry

Predict the hybridization, geometry, and bond angles for the carbon and nitrogen atoms in acetonitrile (CH₃–C≡N:).

a. Which of the species have bond angles of 109.5°?

b. Which of the species have bond angles of 120°?

H₂O H₃O^{+ +}CH₃ BF₃

Which of the following best describes the molecular geometry around each carbon atom in butane ($C{4}_{}H{10}_{}$) as shown in a three-dimensional representation?

Given the molecule $C_2{H}_4$ (ethene), label the geometry around each carbon atom.

For each of the given species:

a. Draw its Lewis structure.

b. Describe the orbitals used by each carbon atom in bonding and indicate the approximate bond angles.

3. CCl₄

Use your molecular models to make ethane, and compare the model with the preceding structures.

Describe the orbitals used in bonding and the bond angles in the following compounds:

e. BF₃

You drew the Lewis structures of the following compounds and ion in Assessment 2.32. Predict their shapes around the central atom based on the Lewis structure.

(d) CO₃^2-

Given the molecule $C_2{H}_4$ (ethene), label the geometry around each carbon atom.

For each of the following molecules, indicate the hybridization of each carbon and give the approximate values of all the bond angles:

b. CH₃CH═CH₂

What is the hybridization of all the atoms (other than hydrogen) in each of the following?

What are the bond angles around each atom?

c. ^-CH₃

d. ⋅CH₃

PRACTICE:Determine the hybridization and molecular geometry of the following selected atoms:

Predict the hybridization, geometry, and bond angles for the central atoms in

b. CH₃CH=NH

Predict the approximate size of the following bond angles.

(a) the C—O—C bond angle in an ether

For each of the following compounds and ions,

1. Draw a Lewis structure.

2. Show the kinds of orbitals that overlap to form each bond.

3. Give approximate bond angles around each atom except hydrogen.

c. CH₂=N–CH₃