Textbook Question
Why is AIDS more accurately termed a syndrome rather than a mere disease?
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Ch. 18 - Immune Disorders
Bauman6th EditionMicrobiology with Diseases by TaxonomyISBN: 9780134832302
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 - A Brief History of Microbiology31
- Ch. 2 - The Chemistry of Microbiology28
- Ch. 3 - Cell Structure and Function39
- Ch. 4 - Microscopy, Staining, and Classification25
- Ch. 5 - Microbial Metabolism51
- Ch. 6 - Microbial Nutrition and Growth37
- Ch. 7 - Microbial Genetics51
- Ch. 8 - Recombinant DNA Technology21
- Ch. 9 - Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment36
- Ch. 10 - Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs21
- Ch. 11 - Characterizing and Classifying Prokaryotes29
- Ch. 12 - Characterizing and Classifying Eukaryotes34
- Ch. 13 - Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions23
- Ch. 14 - Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology35
- Ch. 15 - Innate Immunity34
- Ch. 16 - Adaptive Immunity21
- Ch. 17 - Immunization and Immune Testing29
- Ch. 18 - Immune Disorders22
- Ch. 19 - Pathogenic Gram-Positive Bacteria25
- Ch. 20 - Pathogenic Gram-Negative Cocci and Bacilli28
- Ch. 21 - Rickettsias, Chlamydias, Spirochetes, and Vibrios25
- Ch. 22 - Pathogenic Fungi47
- Ch. 23 - Parasitic Protozoa, Helminths, and Arthropod Vectors44
- Ch. 24 - Pathogenic DNA Viruses23
- Ch. 25 - Pathogenic RNA Viruses30
- Ch. 26 - Applied and Industrial Microbiology29
- Ch. 27 - Microbial Ecology and Microbiomes22
Bauman6th EditionMicrobiology with Diseases by TaxonomyISBN: 9780134832302Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 18, Problem 1
Put the number of the type of immune system hypersensitivity in the blank next to each manifestation. Each of the four types may be used more than once or not at all. If the manifestation is not an immune hypersensitivity, put zero in the blank.
1. Acute anaphylaxis
2. Allergic contact dermatitis
3. Systemic lupus erythematosus
4. Allograft rejection
5. AIDS
6. Graft-versus-host disease
7. Milk allergy
8. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
9. Asthma
10. Hay fever
I. Type I hypersensitivity
II. Type II hypersensitivity
III. Type III hypersensitivity
IV. Type IV hypersensitivity
0. Not a hypersensitivity
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Understand the four types of hypersensitivity reactions:
- Type I: Immediate hypersensitivity mediated by IgE antibodies causing allergic reactions like anaphylaxis.
- Type II: Antibody-mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity involving IgG or IgM antibodies directed against cell surface or extracellular matrix antigens.
- Type III: Immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity where antigen-antibody complexes deposit in tissues causing inflammation.
- Type IV: Delayed-type hypersensitivity mediated by T cells, not antibodies, causing tissue damage over 48-72 hours.
Step 2: Analyze each manifestation and classify it based on the mechanism involved:
- Acute anaphylaxis is a classic Type I hypersensitivity reaction involving IgE.
- Allergic contact dermatitis is a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction involving T cells.
- Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) involves immune complex deposition, so it is Type III.
- Allograft rejection is mediated by T cells attacking foreign tissue, so it is Type IV.
Step 3: Identify conditions that are not hypersensitivity reactions:
- AIDS is caused by viral infection leading to immunodeficiency, not a hypersensitivity, so assign 0.
- Graft-versus-host disease involves donor T cells attacking host tissues, a Type IV hypersensitivity.
Step 4: Classify allergic reactions involving IgE antibodies:
- Milk allergy, asthma, and hay fever are all mediated by IgE and are Type I hypersensitivity reactions.
Step 5: For autoimmune diseases involving antibody or immune complex mechanisms:
- Rheumatoid arthritis involves immune complexes and antibody-mediated damage, so it is Type III hypersensitivity.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Types of Immune Hypersensitivity
Immune hypersensitivity reactions are classified into four types based on the immune mechanism involved: Type I (immediate, IgE-mediated allergic reactions), Type II (antibody-mediated cytotoxicity), Type III (immune complex-mediated), and Type IV (delayed, T-cell mediated). Understanding these types helps identify the underlying cause of various immune disorders.
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Clinical Manifestations of Hypersensitivity
Different diseases and conditions manifest through specific hypersensitivity types. For example, acute anaphylaxis and asthma are Type I reactions, while allergic contact dermatitis is Type IV. Recognizing the clinical features linked to each hypersensitivity type aids in accurate diagnosis and treatment.
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Distinguishing Hypersensitivity from Non-Hypersensitivity Conditions
Not all immune-related diseases are hypersensitivities; some, like AIDS, involve immune deficiency rather than hypersensitivity. Differentiating between hypersensitivity reactions and other immune dysfunctions is crucial to avoid misclassification and to understand the pathophysiology correctly.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Indicate whether each statement is true or false. If the statement is false, change the underlined word or phrase to make the statement true.
________ Cyclosporine is released by degranulating mast cells.
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Textbook Question
The immunoglobulin class that mediates type I hypersensitivity is:
a. IgA
b. IgM
c. IgG
d. IgD
e. IgE
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Textbook Question
Label the four types of grafts on the accompanying figure.
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