Ch. 22 - Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System

Tortora - Microbiology: An Introduction 14th Edition

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Tortora 14th Edition

Ch. 22 - Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System

Problem 4

Chapter 22, Problem 4

After receiving a corneal transplant, a patient developed dementia and loss of motor function, then became comatose and died. Cultures were negative. Serological tests were negative. Autopsy revealed spongiform degeneration of brain tissue. The patient most likely had
a. Rabies.
b. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
c. Botulism.
d. Tetanus.
e. Leprosy.

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Identify the key clinical features described: dementia, loss of motor function, progression to coma, and death, along with negative cultures and serological tests.

Step 2: Note the autopsy finding of spongiform degeneration of brain tissue, which is a hallmark of prion diseases.

Step 3: Recall that prion diseases, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), cause spongiform changes in the brain and are not detected by standard cultures or serological tests because they are caused by infectious proteins, not bacteria or viruses.

Step 4: Compare the options: rabies is a viral infection with different pathology; botulism and tetanus are caused by bacterial toxins with distinct clinical presentations; leprosy affects peripheral nerves and skin, not brain tissue.

Step 5: Conclude that the clinical picture and pathology are most consistent with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, a prion disease causing spongiform encephalopathy.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Prion Diseases and Spongiform Encephalopathies

Prion diseases are caused by misfolded proteins called prions that induce abnormal folding of normal brain proteins, leading to neurodegeneration. Spongiform encephalopathies, like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), are characterized by sponge-like holes in brain tissue, causing dementia, motor dysfunction, and death. These diseases are not detected by standard cultures or serological tests.

Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

CJD typically presents with rapidly progressive dementia, motor symptoms such as ataxia or myoclonus, and eventually coma. Diagnosis is challenging because cultures and serology are negative; definitive diagnosis often requires brain biopsy or autopsy showing spongiform changes. It can be transmitted iatrogenically, including via corneal transplants.

Differentiation from Other Infectious Neurological Diseases

Diseases like rabies, botulism, tetanus, and leprosy have distinct clinical features and diagnostic markers. Rabies causes encephalitis with viral detection; botulism and tetanus involve neurotoxins causing paralysis but not dementia; leprosy affects peripheral nerves and skin. Negative cultures and serology with spongiform brain changes point specifically to prion disease.

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Why is the following description used for wounds that are susceptible to C. tetani infection: “. . . Improperly cleaned deep puncture wounds . . . ones with little or no bleeding . . .”?

Textbook Question

Endotoxin is responsible for symptoms caused by which of the following organisms?

a. N. meningitidis

b. S. pyogenes

c. L. monocytogenes

d. C. tetani

e. C. botulinum

Textbook Question

Provide the following information on poliomyelitis: etiology, method of transmission, symptoms, prevention. Why aren’t the Salk and Sabin vaccines considered treatments for poliomyelitis?

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Textbook Question

The increased incidence of encephalitis in the summer months is due to

a. Maturation of the viruses.

b. Increased temperature.

c. The presence of adult mosquitoes.

d. An increased population of birds.

e. An increased population of horses.

Textbook Question

Fill in the following table:

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Textbook Question

A 12-year-old child hospitalized for Guillain-Barré syndrome had a 4-day history of headache, dizziness, fever, sore throat, and weakness of legs. Seizures began 2 weeks later. Bacterial cultures were negative. The child died 3 weeks after hospitalization. An autopsy revealed inclusions in brain cells that tested positive in an immunofluorescence test. This patient probably had

a. Rabies.

b. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

c. Botulism.

d. Tetanus.

e. Leprosy.