Textbook Question
What do we mean when we say an enzyme is saturated with substrate? When an enzyme is saturated with substrate, how does adding more (a) substrate and (b) enzyme affect the rate of the reaction?
Ch.19 Enzymes and Vitamins
McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134015187
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 Matter and Measurements27
- Ch.2 Atoms and the Periodic Table20
- Ch.3 Ionic Compounds8
- Ch.4 Molecular Compounds23
- Ch.5 Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions12
- Ch.6 Chemical Reactions: Mole and Mass Relationships28
- Ch.7 Chemical Reactions: Energy, Rate and Equilibrium64
- Ch.8 Gases, Liquids and Solids24
- Ch.9 Solutions52
- Ch.10 Acids and Bases25
- Ch.11 Nuclear Chemistry22
- Ch.12 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes57
- Ch.13 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds47
- Ch.14 Some Compounds with Oxygen, Sulfur, or a Halogen50
- Ch.15 Aldehydes and Ketones45
- Ch.16 Amines42
- Ch.17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives57
- Ch.18 Amino Acids and Proteins82
- Ch.19 Enzymes and Vitamins63
- Ch.20 Carbohydrates44
- Ch.21 The Generation of Biochemical Energy65
- Ch.22 Carbohydrate Metabolism45
- Ch.23 Lipids42
- Ch.24 Lipid Metabolism33
- Ch.25 Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism24
- Ch.26 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis45
McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134015187Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 19, Problem 7
Identify and describe the chemical change in the lyase-catalyzed reaction in Table 19.4 that involves fumarate and malate. Identify the substrate(s) and product(s).
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Understand the context: Lyases are enzymes that catalyze the addition or removal of groups to form double bonds or break them. In this case, the reaction involves fumarate and malate, which are intermediates in the citric acid cycle.
Identify the substrate(s): The substrate is the molecule that the enzyme acts upon. In this reaction, fumarate is the substrate because it undergoes a chemical change.
Identify the product(s): The product is the molecule formed as a result of the enzymatic reaction. In this case, malate is the product formed from fumarate.
Describe the chemical change: The lyase-catalyzed reaction involves the addition of a water molecule (H₂O) to fumarate. This reaction breaks the double bond in fumarate, converting it into malate, which contains a hydroxyl (-OH) group.
Summarize the reaction: The enzyme fumarase (a type of lyase) catalyzes the hydration of fumarate to form malate. The reaction can be represented as: .
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Lyase Enzymes
Lyases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the breaking of chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. They often facilitate the addition or removal of groups to or from double bonds, resulting in the formation of new compounds. In the context of fumarate and malate, lyases play a crucial role in the conversion between these two substrates.
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Substrates and Products
In biochemical reactions, substrates are the starting materials that undergo transformation, while products are the end results of the reaction. In the lyase-catalyzed reaction involving fumarate and malate, fumarate acts as the substrate that is converted into malate, which is the product. Understanding the relationship between substrates and products is essential for analyzing enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
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Chemical Change
A chemical change refers to a process where substances undergo a transformation that alters their chemical structure, resulting in the formation of new substances. In the reaction between fumarate and malate, the chemical change involves the addition of water (hydration) or the removal of a small molecule, leading to the interconversion of these two compounds. Recognizing the nature of these changes is vital for understanding metabolic pathways.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Which of the following reactions can be catalyzed by a decarboxylase?
a.
b.
Textbook Question
The cofactors NAD+, Cu2+, Zn2+, coenzyme A, FAD, and Ni2+ are all needed by your body for enzymatic reactions.
a. Which cofactors are coenzymes?
Textbook Question
Name the enzyme whose substrate is
a. Urea
1
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Textbook Question
Describe the reactions that you would expect these enzymes to catalyze.
b. Aspartate transaminase
Textbook Question
What kind of reaction product might be a competitive inhibitor for the enzyme that catalyzes its formation?