Textbook Question
1. On which derivative rule is integration by parts based?
Ch. 8 - Integration Techniques
Briggs3rd EditionCalculus: Early TranscendentalsISBN: 9780136847243
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 - Functions210
- Ch. 2 - Limits371
- Ch. 3 - Derivatives633
- Ch. 4 - Applications of the Derivative412
- Ch. 5 - Integration328
- Ch. 6 - Applications of Integration331
- Ch. 7 - Logarithmic, Exponential Functions, and Hyperbolic Functions177
- Ch. 8 - Integration Techniques394
- Ch. 9 - Differential Equations179
- Ch. 10 - Sequences and Infinite Series339
- Ch. 11 - Power Series218
- Ch.12 - Parametric and Polar Curves215
Briggs3rd EditionCalculus: Early TranscendentalsISBN: 9780136847243Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 8, Problem 8.4.48
7-56. Trigonometric substitutions Evaluate the following integrals using trigonometric substitution.
48. ∫ √(9 - 4x²) dx
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Recognize that the integral involves a square root of the form √(a² - u²), which suggests using a trigonometric substitution. Specifically, use the substitution u = (a/b)sin(θ), where a² = 9 and b² = 4. Here, let x = (3/2)sin(θ), so dx = (3/2)cos(θ)dθ.
Step 2: Substitute x = (3/2)sin(θ) into the square root expression √(9 - 4x²). This becomes √(9 - 4((3/2)sin(θ))²). Simplify the expression inside the square root using trigonometric identities.
Step 3: Simplify the square root. After substitution and simplification, the square root becomes √(9 - 9sin²(θ)), which simplifies further to √(9(1 - sin²(θ))). Using the Pythagorean identity 1 - sin²(θ) = cos²(θ), the square root becomes 3cos(θ).
Step 4: Rewrite the integral in terms of θ. The integral ∫√(9 - 4x²)dx becomes ∫3cos(θ) * (3/2)cos(θ)dθ, which simplifies to ∫(9/2)cos²(θ)dθ.
Step 5: Use the trigonometric identity cos²(θ) = (1 + cos(2θ))/2 to simplify the integral further. Substitute this identity into the integral and proceed to integrate term by term. After integration, convert back to the original variable x using the substitution x = (3/2)sin(θ).
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Trigonometric Substitution
Trigonometric substitution is a technique used in calculus to simplify integrals involving square roots of quadratic expressions. By substituting a variable with a trigonometric function, such as sine or cosine, the integral can often be transformed into a more manageable form. This method is particularly useful for integrals that contain expressions like √(a² - x²), which can be simplified using the identity sin²(θ) + cos²(θ) = 1.
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Pythagorean Identity
The Pythagorean identity is a fundamental relationship in trigonometry that states sin²(θ) + cos²(θ) = 1. This identity is crucial when performing trigonometric substitutions, as it allows for the conversion between different trigonometric functions and helps simplify expressions involving square roots. For example, if x is substituted with a, sin(θ) can be expressed in terms of x, facilitating the integration process.
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Integral Evaluation
Integral evaluation is the process of finding the antiderivative of a function, which represents the area under the curve of that function. In the context of trigonometric substitution, once the substitution is made and the integral is simplified, standard integration techniques can be applied. After evaluating the integral, it is essential to revert back to the original variable to express the final answer in terms of x.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
5–16. Set up the appropriate form of the partial fraction decomposition for the following expressions. Do not find the values of the unknown constants.
9. 4/(x⁵ - 5x³ + 4x)
Textbook Question
9–40. Integration by parts Evaluate the following integrals using integration by parts.
20. ∫ sin⁻¹(x) dx
Textbook Question
7–64. Integration review Evaluate the following integrals.
20. ∫ eˣ (1 + eˣ)⁹ (1 - eˣ) dx
Textbook Question
5. What is a reduction formula?
Textbook Question
River flow rates
The following figure shows the discharge rate r(t) of the Snoqualmie River near Carnation, Washington, starting on a February day when the air temperature was rising. The variable t is the number of hours after midnight, r(t) is given in millions of cubic feet per hour, and ∫(0 to 24) r(t) dt equals the total amount of water that flows by the town of Carnation over a 24-hour period. Estimate ∫(0 to 24) r(t) dt using the Trapezoidal Rule and Simpson's Rule with the following values of n.
n = 6