0. Functions

Which of the following transformations results in a vertical stretch of the exponential decay function $f\left(x\right)=e^{-x}$?

37–38. Caffeine After an individual drinks a beverage containing caffeine, the amount of caffeine in the bloodstream can be modeled by an exponential decay function, with a half-life that depends on several factors, including age and body weight. For the sake of simplicity, assume the caffeine in the following drinks immediately enters the bloodstream upon consumption.

An individual consumes two cups of coffee, each containing 90 mg of caffeine, two hours apart. Assume the half-life of caffeine for this individual is 5.7 hours.

b. Determine the amount of caffeine in the bloodstream 1 hour after drinking the second cup of coffee.

Write the following logarithms in terms of the natural logarithm. Then use a calculator to find the value of the logarithm, rounding your result to four decimal places.

${\log }_{6}60$

A culture of bacteria has a population of $150$ cells when it is first observed. The population doubles every $12~\(\text{hr}\)$, which means its population is governed by the function $p\(\left\)(t\(\right\))=150\(\cdot{2^{\frac{t}{12}\)}}$, where $t$ is the number of hours after the first observation.

What is the population $4~\(\text{days}\)$ after the first observation?

Population growth The population of a large city grows exponentially with a current population of 1.3 million and a predicted population of 1.45 million 10 years from now.

a. Use an exponential model to estimate the population in 20 years. Assume the annual growth rate is constant.

Caffeine An adult consumes an espresso containing 75 mg of caffeine. If the caffeine has a half-life of 5.5 hours, when will the amount of caffeine in her bloodstream equal 30 mg?

Depreciation of equipment A large die-casting machine used to make automobile engine blocks is purchased for \$2.5 million. For tax purposes, the value of the machine can be depreciated by 6.8% of its current value each year.

a. What is the value of the machine after 10 years?

Geometric means A quantity grows exponentially according to y(t) = y₀eᵏᵗ. What is the relationship among m, n, and p such that y(p) = √(y(m)y(n))?

Determine if the function is an exponential function.  

If so, identify the power & base, then evaluate for $x=4$ .

$f\(\left\)(x\(\right\))=3\(\left\)(1.5\(\right\))^{x}$

Which of the following best describes the function $Ei\left(x\right)$?

Determine if the function is an exponential function.  

If so, identify the power & base, then evaluate for $x=4$ .

$f\(\left\)(x\(\right\))=\(\left\)(\(\frac\)12\(\right\))^{x}$

"General relative growth rates Define the relative growth rate of the function f over the time interval T to be the relative change in f over an interval of length T:

R_T = [f(t + T) − f(t)] / f(t)

Show that for the exponential function y(t) = y₀ e^{kt}, the relative growth rate R_T, for fixed T, is constant for all t."

Energy consumption On the first day of the year (t=0), a city uses electricity at a rate of 2000 MW. That rate is projected to increase at a rate of 1.3% per year.

a. Based on these figures, find an exponential growth function for the power (rate of electricity use) for the city.

Atmospheric pressure The pressure of Earth’s atmosphere at sea level is approximately 1000 millibars and decreases exponentially with elevation. At an elevation of 30,000 ft (approximately the altitude of Mt. Everest), the pressure is one-third the sea-level pressure. At what elevation is the pressure half the sea-level pressure? At what elevation is it 1% of the sea-level pressure?

47. Carbon-14 The oldest known frozen human mummy, discovered in the Schnalstal glacier of the Italian Alps in 1991 and called Otzi, was found wearing straw shoes and a leather coat with goat fur, and holding a copper ax and stone dagger. It was estimated that Otzi died 5000 years before he was discovered in the melting glacier. How much of the original carbon-14 remained in Otzi at the time of his discovery?