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Recap Of Insulin Signaling in Glucose Metabolism definitions

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  • Insulin
    A 51 amino acid peptide hormone that initiates cellular glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis by binding to its receptor.
  • Insulin Receptor
    A receptor tyrosine kinase with alpha and beta subunits that autophosphorylates on tyrosine residues to trigger downstream signaling.
  • Tyrosine Kinase
    An enzyme domain within certain receptors that transfers phosphate groups to tyrosine residues, activating signaling pathways.
  • Autophosphorylation
    A process where a kinase adds phosphate groups to its own tyrosine residues, enhancing its activity for substrate targeting.
  • Insulin Receptor Substrate 1
    An adapter protein phosphorylated by the insulin receptor, enabling activation of downstream kinases through its SH2 domain.
  • SH2 Domain
    A protein region that specifically binds phosphorylated tyrosine residues, facilitating protein-protein interactions in signaling.
  • PI3K
    A kinase activated by IRS 1 that converts PIP2 to PIP3, propagating insulin signaling for glucose metabolism.
  • PIP2
    A membrane phospholipid substrate for PI3K, which is converted to PIP3 during insulin signaling.
  • PIP3
    A phosphorylated membrane lipid that recruits and activates kinases like PDK1 and PKB in the insulin pathway.
  • PDK1
    A kinase activated by PIP3 that phosphorylates and activates PKB, advancing the insulin signaling cascade.
  • PKB
    A protein kinase activated by PDK1, responsible for promoting glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis by phosphorylating target proteins.
  • GLUT 4
    A glucose transporter stored in vesicles that fuses with the plasma membrane upon insulin signaling, enabling cellular glucose entry.
  • Glycogen Synthase Kinase
    An enzyme inactivated by PKB, preventing inhibition of glycogen synthase and promoting glycogen formation.
  • Glycogen Synthase
    An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glycogen, activated when GSK is inactivated by insulin signaling.
  • Blood Glucose Concentration
    A physiological parameter reduced after a high glucose meal due to insulin-driven cellular uptake and glycogen synthesis.