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Glucose and Glycogen Regulation Practice 1 definitions

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  • AMP
    Highly responsive molecule reflecting cellular energy levels, its concentration changes more dramatically than other nucleotides.
  • ADP
    Intermediate energy carrier in cells, its concentration remains relatively stable compared to AMP.
  • ATP
    Primary energy currency of the cell, produced directly and indirectly during glycolysis and other metabolic pathways.
  • Glycogen phosphorylase
    Enzyme responsible for breaking alpha-1,4 bonds in glycogen, releasing glucose as glucose-1 phosphate.
  • Alpha-1,4 bond
    Type of glycosidic linkage in glycogen, cleaved during glycogen breakdown to release glucose units.
  • Glucose-1 phosphate
    Product released from glycogen breakdown, must be converted to another phosphorylated glucose for further metabolism.
  • Debranching enzyme
    Protein assisting in glycogen degradation by removing branch point glucoses, facilitating complete breakdown.
  • Glycogen branching enzyme
    Catalyst forming alpha-1,6 bonds in glycogen, creating branch points by transferring glucose subunits.
  • Alpha-1,6 bond
    Branch-forming glycosidic linkage in glycogen, created by transferring glucose units to another chain.
  • Glycogenin
    Core protein serving as a primer for glycogen synthesis, with initial sugars attached to its tyrosine residues.
  • Phosphate group
    Chemical moiety attached to enzymes or glucose during glycogen metabolism, crucial for activation and deactivation.
  • Phosphofructokinase-2
    Enzyme generating fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, its activity is negatively regulated by ATP.
  • Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
    Molecule produced by phosphofructokinase-2, acts as an activator for PFK1 and promotes glycolysis.
  • PFK1
    Key glycolytic enzyme activated by fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, essential for maintaining glycolysis.
  • Glycolysis
    Metabolic pathway converting glucose to pyruvate, directly and indirectly generating cellular ATP.