Textbook Question
What are fluid shifts? What is their function, and what factors can cause them?
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Ch. 27 Fluids & Electrolytes
Martini, Nath, Bartholomew11th EditionFundamentals of Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780136874089
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology26
- Ch. 2 The Chemical Level of Organization34
- Ch. 3 The Cellular Level of Organization30
- Ch. 4 The Tissue Level of Organization24
- Ch. 5 The Integumentary System17
- Ch. 6 Bones and Bone Structure36
- Ch. 7 The Axial Skeleton11
- Ch. 8 The Appendicular Skeleton17
- Ch. 9 Joints13
- Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue12
- Ch. 11 The Muscular System28
- Ch. 12 Nervous Tissue18
- Ch. 13 The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes22
- Ch. 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves20
- Ch. 15 Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System17
- Ch. 16 The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions30
- Ch. 17 The Special Senses16
- Ch. 18 The Endocrine System20
- Ch. 19 Blood31
- Ch. 20 The Heart31
- Ch. 21 Blood Vessels and Circulation29
- Ch. 22 The Lymphatic System and Immunity31
- Ch. 23 The Respiratory System12
- Ch. 24 The Digestive System18
- Ch. 26 The Urinary System31
- Ch. 27 Fluids & Electrolytes32
- Ch. 28 The Reproductive System12
- Ch. 29 Development and Inheritance23
Martini, Nath, Bartholomew11th EditionFundamentals of Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780136874089Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 26, Problem 14
In a protein buffer system, if the pH increases:
(a) The protein acquires a hydrogen ion from carbonic acid
(b) Hydrogen ions are buffered by hemoglobin molecules
(c) A hydrogen ion is released and a carboxylate ion is formed
(d) A chloride shift occurs
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Understand the role of protein buffer systems in maintaining pH balance. Proteins can act as buffers by either accepting or releasing hydrogen ions (H\_\{+\}) depending on the pH of the environment.
Step 2: Analyze what happens when the pH increases (becomes more basic). An increase in pH means fewer free hydrogen ions are present, so the protein buffer will tend to release hydrogen ions to counteract this change and maintain pH homeostasis.
Step 3: Recognize that when a protein releases a hydrogen ion, it often forms a negatively charged group, such as a carboxylate ion (\(\text{R-COO}\)^-), because the hydrogen ion was originally attached to a carboxyl group (\(\text{R-COOH}\)).
Step 4: Evaluate the other options: (a) acquiring a hydrogen ion would occur if pH decreased, (b) hemoglobin buffering hydrogen ions is related but not the direct response of the protein buffer system to increased pH, and (d) chloride shift is a process related to CO\_2 transport, not directly to protein buffering in response to pH increase.
Step 5: Conclude that the correct response to an increase in pH in a protein buffer system is the release of a hydrogen ion and formation of a carboxylate ion, corresponding to option (c).
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Protein Buffer System
The protein buffer system helps maintain pH balance in the blood by using amino acid side chains that can accept or donate hydrogen ions. When pH rises (becomes more basic), proteins can release hydrogen ions to lower the pH, stabilizing the environment.
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05:38
Buffers
Role of Hemoglobin in Buffering
Hemoglobin acts as a buffer by binding hydrogen ions produced during carbon dioxide transport. This helps prevent large pH changes in the blood, as hemoglobin can reversibly bind H+ ions, especially in tissues where CO2 concentration is high.
Recommended video:
7:52Function of Hemoglobin
Chloride Shift
The chloride shift is the exchange of bicarbonate ions and chloride ions across red blood cell membranes. It helps maintain ionic balance during CO2 transport but is not directly involved in protein buffering or immediate pH changes.
Recommended video:
06:07Ionic Bonds
Related Practice
Textbook Question
Why should a person with a fever drink plenty of fluids?
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Textbook Question
Drinking a solution hypotonic to the ECF causes the ECF to:
(a) Increase in volume and become hypertonic to the ICF
(b) Decrease in volume and become hypertonic to the ICF
(c) Decrease in volume and become hypotonic to the ICF
(d) Increase in volume and become hypotonic to the ICF
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Textbook Question
The osmotic concentration of the ECF decreases if an individual gains water without a corresponding:
(a) Gain of electrolytes
(b) Loss of water
(c) Fluid shift from the ECF to the ICF
(d) All of these
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Textbook Question
When the pH of body fluids begins to decrease, free amino acids and proteins will
(a) Release a hydrogen from the carboxyl group
(b) Release a hydrogen from the amino group
(c) Release a hydrogen at the carboxyl group
(d) Bind a hydrogen at the amino group
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Textbook Question
Define and give an example of:
(a) A volatile acid
(b) A fixed acid, and
(c) A metabolic acid
Which represents the greatest threat to acid-base balance? Why?
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