Textbook Question
Distinguish between the role of HDLs and that of LDLs.
Ch. 24 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Energy Balance
Hoehn, Haynes, Abbott12th EditionMarieb Human Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780138242732
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 The Human Body: An Orientation25
- Ch. 2 Chemistry Comes Alive24
- Ch. 3 Cells: The Living Units24
- Ch. 4 Tissue: The Living Fabric19
- Ch. 5 The Integumentary System12
- Ch. 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues19
- Ch. 7 The Skeleton14
- Ch. 8 Joints7
- Ch. 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue26
- Ch. 10 The Muscular System25
- Ch. 11 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue23
- Ch. 12 The Central Nervous System25
- Ch. 13 The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity30
- Ch. 14 The Autonomic Nervous System16
- Ch. 15 The Special Senses26
- Ch. 16 The Endocrine System26
- Ch. 17 Blood27
- Ch. 18 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart25
- Ch. 19 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels27
- Ch. 20 The Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Organs and Tissues16
- Ch. 21 The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses27
- Ch. 22 The Respiratory System21
- Ch. 23 The Digestive System31
- Ch. 24 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Energy Balance26
- Ch. 25 The Urinary System26
- Ch. 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance24
- Ch. 27 The Reproductive System24
- Ch. 28 Pregnancy and Human Development25
- Ch. 29 Heredity11
Hoehn, Haynes, Abbott12th EditionMarieb Human Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780138242732Not the one you use?Change textbook
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Hoehn, Haynes, Abbott 12th EditionCh. 24 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Energy BalanceProblem 21
Hoehn, Haynes, Abbott 12th EditionCh. 24 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Energy BalanceProblem 21Chapter 24, Problem 21
Calculate the number of ATP molecules that can be harvested during the complete oxidation of an 18-carbon fatty acid.
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Understand the process of fatty acid oxidation. Fatty acids are broken down through beta-oxidation, which occurs in the mitochondria. Each cycle of beta-oxidation removes two carbons from the fatty acid chain, producing acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2.
Step 2: Determine the number of beta-oxidation cycles required for an 18-carbon fatty acid. Since each cycle removes two carbons, divide the total number of carbons (18) by 2 to find the number of acetyl-CoA molecules produced. Subtract 1 from this number to find the number of beta-oxidation cycles.
Step 3: Calculate the ATP yield from beta-oxidation. Each beta-oxidation cycle produces 1 NADH and 1 FADH2. Use the following approximate ATP yields: 1 NADH = 2.5 ATP and 1 FADH2 = 1.5 ATP. Multiply the number of beta-oxidation cycles by these values to find the total ATP from NADH and FADH2.
Step 4: Calculate the ATP yield from acetyl-CoA. Each acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), producing 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP (equivalent to 1 ATP). Multiply the number of acetyl-CoA molecules by these values to find the total ATP from the citric acid cycle.
Step 5: Account for the energy cost of fatty acid activation. Before beta-oxidation begins, the fatty acid must be activated, which requires 2 ATP molecules. Subtract this energy cost from the total ATP yield calculated in the previous steps to find the net ATP production.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Beta-Oxidation
Beta-oxidation is the metabolic process by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA. Each cycle of beta-oxidation shortens the fatty acid chain by two carbon atoms, producing one molecule of acetyl-CoA, which then enters the citric acid cycle for further energy extraction.
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Fatty Acid Oxidation 2
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
The citric acid cycle is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA. Each turn of the cycle produces ATP, NADH, and FADH2, which are crucial for the electron transport chain, ultimately leading to the production of additional ATP.
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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, creating a proton gradient. This gradient drives ATP synthesis through ATP synthase, yielding a significant amount of ATP from the oxidation of fatty acids and other substrates.
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