Question 1

Which of the following best explains why the resting membrane potential is typically negative in neurons?

Accepted Answer

Because selective permeability allows more potassium ions to leak out of the cell than sodium ions to enter.

Question 2

A neuron receives multiple graded potentials at its dendrites. Which scenario would most likely result in the generation of an action potential at the axon hillock?

Accepted Answer

The graded potentials are excitatory and summate to reach the threshold voltage.

Question 3

Which principle states that an action potential either occurs fully or not at all, regardless of stimulus strength once threshold is reached?

Accepted Answer

All-or-none principle

Question 4

During the absolute refractory period, which of the following is true regarding the generation of a new action potential?

Accepted Answer

No action potential can be generated, regardless of stimulus strength.

Question 5

Which equation best represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of potassium ($$K^+) $$across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$E_K = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[K^+]_{out}}{[K^+]_{in}} \right)$$

Question 6

A patient is experiencing pain from a heart attack. Which type of pain is this most likely classified as?

Accepted Answer

Referred pain

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of tonic receptors?

Accepted Answer

They maintain a sustained response to prolonged or continuous stimuli.

Question 8

Which cranial nerve is responsible for purely sensory input from the eyes?

Accepted Answer

Optic nerve

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why the brain allocates more space to the upper lip in the sensory cortex?

Accepted Answer

The upper lip has a higher density of sensory receptors.

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct statement about pacemaker cells in cardiac muscle?

Accepted Answer

They can spontaneously generate action potentials without external input.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of graded potentials in neurons?

Accepted Answer

They vary in magnitude depending on the strength of the stimulus.

Question 12

A patient presents with loss of pain and temperature sensation in a localized area. Which type of sensory receptor is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Free nerve ending

Question 13

Which of the following is true regarding hyperpolarization during an action potential?

Accepted Answer

It occurs due to prolonged opening of chloride channels and increased potassium efflux.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of the cerebellum in motor control?

Accepted Answer

It coordinates and fine-tunes movements, especially tracking moving objects or performing complex tasks.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct statement about the relative refractory period?

Accepted Answer

A new action potential can be generated if the stimulus is stronger than usual.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains the concept of referred pain?

Accepted Answer

Pain is perceived at a location other than the site of the stimulus due to shared neural pathways.

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the pacemaker cells in the heart?

Accepted Answer

They generate action potentials that regulate the heartbeat rhythm.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

It moves three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell, maintaining a negative charge inside.

Question 19

Which of the following equations best represents the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation for membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

$$V_m = \frac{RT}{F} \ln \left( \frac{P_{K^+}[K^+]_{out} + P_{Na^+}[Na^+]_{out} + P_{Cl^-}[Cl^-]_{in}}{P_{K^+}[K^+]_{in} + P_{Na^+}[Na^+]_{in} + P_{Cl^-}[Cl^-]_{out}} \right)$$

Resting Membrane Potential and Neural Signaling: Key Concepts in Anatomy & Physiology

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