Course Overview

Course Description

This course is the second semester of a two-semester general chemistry sequence. It covers modern chemical theory including solution chemistry, equilibrium, kinetics, electrochemistry, and nuclear chemistry. The course is designed for general education and is part of the Intellectual Foundations Program (IFP).

• Prerequisites: CHM 2045, CHM 2045L

• Corequisites: CHM 2046L

Course Objectives / Learning Outcomes

Students will be able to:

• Explain important scientific concepts, principles, and paradigms in chemistry.

• Apply knowledge to solve problems and make informed decisions.

• Critically evaluate scientific claims, arguments, and evidence.

• Communicate scientific information effectively.

Time Commitment per Credit Hour

• This course has a 3 credit hour value.

• Each credit hour requires at least one (1) hour of classroom instruction and two (2) hours of out-of-class student work per week.

Instructional Method

• This class is designated as hybrid.

• Attendance is required for all scheduled in-person and online sessions.

• Some sessions will be delivered via Zoom.

• Lecture capture will be available within 24 hours after each meeting.

Course Evaluation and Grading

Course Evaluation Method

• Quizzes, exams, and the final exam will count for 80% of your grade.

• Each of the 3 class exams will count 20% each, and the final exam will count 20%.

• The minimum grade required to qualify for the next level chemistry course is a C-.

Course Grading Scale

Additional info: Final grades are based on a unique curve developed for the course.

Policy on Makeup Tests, Late Work, and Incompletes

• Makeup exams are only given for excused absences.

• Excused absences require documentation and instructor approval.

• Late work is generally not accepted unless due to excused absences.

Classroom Etiquette Policy

• Cell phones must be silenced during class.

• Computers may be used for note taking, but any other usage is not permitted.

Student Support Policies

Counseling and Psychological Services (CAPS) Center

Students who find stress interfering with their academic performance or personal well-being are encouraged to contact the university’s counseling center for support and resources.

Disability Policy

Students with disabilities are entitled to reasonable accommodations under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA/ADAA). Contact the Student Accessibility Services office for assistance.

Code of Academic Integrity

All students are expected to maintain the highest standards of academic honesty and integrity. Violations include cheating, plagiarism, and unauthorized collaboration.

Required Texts and Materials

• Textbook: "Chemistry" 10th edition by Whitten et al. ISBN: 9781133610663

• Available on Chegg, eBook, and Canvas.

• Homework problems will be assigned but not graded.

• Students need a scientific calculator for every class.

Technology Requirements

• Dependable computer

• Headset with microphone

• Webcam

• Reliable web browser (Chrome, Firefox, Adobe Reader, Adobe Flash Player)

Course Schedule

Key Chemistry Concepts Covered

Solutions and Colligative Properties

Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances. Colligative properties depend on the number of solute particles in a solution, not their identity.

• Solution formation: The process by which solutes dissolve in solvents.

• Vapor pressure lowering: Addition of solute lowers the vapor pressure of the solvent.

• Osmotic pressure: Pressure required to prevent osmosis, calculated by .

• Boiling point elevation and freezing point depression: Solute increases boiling point and decreases freezing point of solvent.

Thermochemistry and Thermodynamics

Thermochemistry studies the heat changes in chemical reactions. Thermodynamics explores energy changes and the laws governing them.

• Heats of reaction: The enthalpy change () during a chemical reaction.

• Entropy (): Measure of disorder or randomness in a system.

• Gibbs free energy (): Determines spontaneity of reactions: .

Chemical Kinetics

Chemical kinetics studies the rates of chemical reactions and the factors affecting them.

• Rate laws: Mathematical expressions relating reaction rate to concentration of reactants.

• Activation energy (): Minimum energy required for a reaction to occur.

• Collision theory: Explains how molecular collisions lead to reactions.

• Rate constant (): Proportionality constant in rate law equations.

Chemical Equilibrium

Chemical equilibrium occurs when the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal, resulting in constant concentrations of reactants and products.

• Equilibrium constant (): Ratio of product concentrations to reactant concentrations at equilibrium.

• Reaction quotient (): Used to determine the direction a reaction will proceed to reach equilibrium.

Acids, Bases, and Aqueous Equilibria

Acids and bases are substances that donate or accept protons. Their strengths are measured by dissociation constants.

• Water ionization constant ():

• pH:

• Polyprotic acids: Acids that can donate more than one proton.

Solubility and Precipitation

Solubility product constant () describes the equilibrium between a solid and its ions in solution.

• Precipitation calculations: Used to predict whether a precipitate will form in a solution.

Electrochemistry

Electrochemistry studies chemical processes that involve electron transfer.

• Oxidation-reduction reactions: Involve transfer of electrons between species.

• Galvanic cells: Devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy.

• Electrolytic cells: Use electrical energy to drive non-spontaneous chemical reactions.

• Cell potential (): Calculated using standard reduction potentials.

Nuclear Chemistry

Nuclear chemistry focuses on reactions involving changes in atomic nuclei, such as radioactive decay and nuclear fission/fusion.

• Radioactive decay: Spontaneous emission of particles or energy from unstable nuclei.

• Nuclear fission: Splitting of a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei.

• Nuclear fusion: Combining of light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus.

Additional info: This syllabus is for a General Chemistry II course, not Anatomy & Physiology. However, the content is highly relevant for students preparing for health sciences, biology, and related fields.