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Independence Tests - Excel definitions

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  • Chi-square Test
    Statistical method for assessing relationships between categorical variables using observed and expected frequencies.
  • Contingency Table
    Grid organizing observed frequencies for two categorical variables, facilitating calculation of totals and expected values.
  • Observed Frequencies
    Actual counts recorded in each cell of a contingency table, representing real-world data for categorical variables.
  • Expected Values
    Calculated frequencies for each cell, derived from row and column totals, assuming variables are independent.
  • Row Total
    Sum of observed frequencies across a single row in a contingency table, representing one category of a variable.
  • Column Total
    Sum of observed frequencies down a single column in a contingency table, representing one category of a variable.
  • Grand Total
    Overall sum of all observed frequencies in a contingency table, used in expected value calculations.
  • Null Hypothesis
    Statement asserting no association between variables, serving as the default assumption in independence testing.
  • Alternative Hypothesis
    Statement suggesting a relationship or dependence between variables, tested against the null hypothesis.
  • P-value
    Probability measure indicating the strength of evidence against the null hypothesis in statistical testing.
  • Significance Level
    Threshold for deciding whether to reject the null hypothesis, commonly set at 0.05 in hypothesis testing.
  • Categorical Data
    Data type representing distinct groups or categories, often used in contingency tables for independence tests.
  • Homogeneity Test
    Statistical procedure similar to independence testing, comparing distributions across different populations.
  • Hypothesis Testing
    Framework for making inferences about population parameters based on sample data and statistical evidence.
  • Excel Function
    Built-in tool in Excel, such as =CHISQ.TEST, automating statistical calculations for independence tests.