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The Scientifc Method in Psychology definitions

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  • Theory
    An organized system of assumptions and principles designed to explain a set of phenomena, valued for being testable, simple, and evidence-based.
  • Hypothesis
    A specific, testable statement predicting relationships among variables, narrowing broad concepts into empirically assessable claims.
  • Variable
    Any construct of interest that can differ across individuals or situations, forming the basis for measurement and analysis in research.
  • Independent Variable
    A factor believed to cause change in another variable, either manipulated or measured, serving as the hypothesized cause in studies.
  • Dependent Variable
    A factor measured or observed in research, assumed to be influenced by another variable, representing the hypothesized effect.
  • Operational Definition
    A concrete, measurable description of an abstract concept, ensuring clarity and consistency in how variables are studied.
  • Data
    Observations collected during research, often numerical but not always, forming the foundation for statistical analysis and conclusions.
  • Statistics
    Mathematical techniques used to analyze research data, enabling interpretation and validation of study findings.
  • Peer Review
    A process where other experts evaluate research for scientific quality before publication, ensuring credibility and rigor.
  • Academic Journal
    A publication outlet for research findings, varying in prestige and focus, central to disseminating psychological knowledge.
  • Population
    The entire group of individuals a researcher aims to understand, from which study participants are drawn.
  • Sample
    A subset of individuals selected from a population to participate in a study, determining the scope of research conclusions.
  • Representative Sample
    A group mirroring the population's key characteristics, often achieved through random selection, enhancing generalizability.
  • Random Sampling
    A selection method giving every population member an equal chance of inclusion, supporting unbiased and representative samples.
  • Convenience Sample
    A group chosen based on ease of access or willingness, common for practical reasons but less scientifically rigorous.