A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response is a(n)

When a previously neutral stimulus, through repeated pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, begins to cause the same kind of reflexive response, the neutral stimulus has become

For classical conditioning to be effective, the conditioned stimulus must be

When Pavlov stopped giving the dogs food after the real conditioned stimulus, they stopped salivating to the sound of the ticking. This is called

Without the _____, higher-order conditioning would be difficult to maintain and would gradually fade away.

In his classical conditioning experiment, Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to salivate when they

_____ is the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning).

_____ pioneered the empirical study of the basic principles of classical conditioning.

_____ is the classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person.