Textbook Question
Show how you would use the Robinson annulation to synthesize the following compounds.
(a)
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Ch. 22 - Condensations and Alpha Substitutions of Carbonyl Compounds
Wade9th EditionOrganic ChemistryISBN: 9780135213728
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 - Structure and Bonding107
- Ch. 2 - Acids and Bases; Functional Groups115
- Ch.3 - Structure and Stereochemistry of Alkanes100
- Ch.4 - The Study of Chemical Reactions99
- Ch.5 - Stereochemistry93
- Ch.6 - Alkyl Halides; Nucleophilic Substitution118
- Ch. 7 - Structure and Synthesis of Alkenes; Elimination158
- Ch.8 - Reactions of Alkenes171
- Ch.9 - Alkynes91
- Ch.10 - Structure and Synthesis of Alcohols143
- Ch.11 - Reactions of Alcohols104
- Ch. 12 - Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry22
- Ch. 13 - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy45
- Ch. 14 - Ethers, Epoxides, and Thioethers72
- Ch. 15 - Conjugated Systems, Orbital Symmetry, and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy89
- Ch. 16 - Aromatic Compounds74
- Ch. 17 - Reactions of Aromatic Compounds126
- Ch. 18 - Ketones and Aldehydes193
- Ch. 19 - Amines129
- Ch. 20 - Carboxylic Acids77
- Ch. 21 - Carboxylic Acid Derivatives141
- Ch. 22 - Condensations and Alpha Substitutions of Carbonyl Compounds175
- Ch. 23 - Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids93
- Ch. 24 - Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins54
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Wade 9th EditionCh. 22 - Condensations and Alpha Substitutions of Carbonyl CompoundsProblem 65
Wade 9th EditionCh. 22 - Condensations and Alpha Substitutions of Carbonyl CompoundsProblem 65Chapter 22, Problem 65
Pentane-2,4-dione (acetylacetone) exists as a tautomeric mixture of 8% keto and 92% enol forms. Draw the stable enol tautomer, and explain its unusual stability.
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Understand the concept of tautomerism: Tautomerism is a chemical equilibrium between two structural isomers (tautomers) that differ in the position of a proton and the double bond. In this case, pentane-2,4-dione (acetylacetone) exists in keto and enol forms.
Draw the keto form of pentane-2,4-dione: The keto form has two carbonyl groups (C=O) at positions 2 and 4 of the pentane chain. Represent this structure as CH3-CO-CH2-CO-CH3.
Draw the enol form of pentane-2,4-dione: The enol form is created by transferring a proton from the central methylene group (-CH2-) to one of the oxygen atoms of the carbonyl group, forming a hydroxyl group (-OH) and a double bond between the central carbon and the adjacent carbon. Represent this structure as CH3-C(OH)=CH-C(O)-CH3.
Explain the unusual stability of the enol form: The enol form of acetylacetone is stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The hydroxyl group (-OH) forms a hydrogen bond with the oxygen atom of the adjacent carbonyl group, creating a six-membered ring structure. This hydrogen bonding significantly lowers the energy of the enol form, making it more stable than expected.
Discuss the dominance of the enol form: Due to the stabilization provided by intramolecular hydrogen bonding, the enol form is the predominant tautomer in the equilibrium mixture, accounting for 92% of the total, compared to only 8% for the keto form.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Tautomerism
Tautomerism is a chemical phenomenon where two or more structural isomers, known as tautomers, exist in dynamic equilibrium. In the case of pentane-2,4-dione, the keto form (with a carbonyl group) and the enol form (with an alcohol group) are tautomers. The equilibrium between these forms can shift based on conditions such as pH and solvent, influencing the stability of each tautomer.
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Tautomerization Mechanisms
Enol Stability
The enol form of a compound can exhibit unusual stability due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding and resonance stabilization. In pentane-2,4-dione, the enol form benefits from a hydrogen bond between the hydroxyl group and the carbonyl oxygen, which stabilizes the structure. This intramolecular interaction lowers the energy of the enol form, making it more favorable despite being less common than the keto form.
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Keto-Enol Equilibrium
Keto-enol equilibrium refers to the balance between the keto and enol forms of a compound. Factors such as solvent effects, temperature, and the presence of substituents can influence the position of this equilibrium. In pentane-2,4-dione, the predominance of the enol form (92%) over the keto form (8%) indicates that the enol is significantly stabilized, highlighting the importance of molecular interactions in determining the stability of tautomers.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Propose mechanisms for the reactions shown in Problems 22-63 part (a).
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Textbook Question
Propose mechanisms for the reactions shown in Problems 22-63 part (b).
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Textbook Question
Rank these compounds in order of increasing enol content. In each case, draw the most stable enol.
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Textbook Question
Rank these compounds in order of increasing acid strength.
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Textbook Question
Propose mechanisms for the reactions shown in Problems 22-62 part (a).
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