Textbook Question
Give the charge most likely to result from ionization of the following nonmetals.
(b) Sulfur
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Ch. 2 - General Chemistry Translated: Finding the Electrons
Mullins1st EditionOrganic Chemistry: A Learner Centered ApproachISBN: 9780137566471
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Table of contents
- Ch. 2 - General Chemistry Translated: Finding the Electrons114
- Ch. 3 - Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Properties and Conformational Analysis109
- Ch. 4 - Acids and Bases: Electron Flow144
- Ch. 5 - Chemical Reaction Analysis: Thermodynamics and Kinetics118
- Ch. 6 - Stereoisomerism: Arrangement of Atoms in Space112
- Ch. 7 - Principles of Green (Organic) Chemistry3
- Ch. 8 - Alkenes I: Properties and Electrophilic Additions158
- Ch. 9 - Alkenes II: Oxidation and Reduction150
- Ch. 10 - Alkynes: Electrophilic Addition and Redox Reactions101
- Ch. 11 - Properties and Synthesis of Alkyl Halides: Radical Reactions108
- Ch. 12 - Substitution and Elimination: Reactions of Haloalkanes172
- Ch. 13 - Alcohols, Ethers and Related Compounds: Substitution and Elimination239
- Ch. 14 - Structural Identification I: Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry54
- Ch. 15 - Structural Identification II: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy93
- Ch. 16 - Metals in Organic Chemistry48
- Ch. 17 - Carbonyl Addition Reactions: Aldehydes and Ketones45
- Ch. 18 - Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution I: Carboxylic Acids18
- Ch. 19 - Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution II: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives39
- Ch. 20 - Enolates: Carbonyl Addition and Substitution13
- Ch. 21 - Conjugated Systems I: Stability and Addition Reactions56
- Ch. 22 - Conjugated Systems II: Pericyclic Reactions54
- Ch. 23 - Benzene I: Aromatic Stability and Substitution Reactions64
- Ch. 24 - Benzene II: Reactions Influenced by the Aromatic Ring62
- Ch. 25 - Amines: Structure, Reactions, and Synthesis27
- Ch. 26 - Amino Acids, Proteins, and Peptide Synthesis9
- Ch. 27 - Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, and Lipids54
Mullins1st EditionOrganic Chemistry: A Learner Centered ApproachISBN: 9780137566471Not the one you use?Change textbook
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Mullins 1st EditionCh. 2 - General Chemistry Translated: Finding the ElectronsProblem 19
Mullins 1st EditionCh. 2 - General Chemistry Translated: Finding the ElectronsProblem 19Chapter 1, Problem 19
Fill in the blank. Oxygen ionizes to become ― 2 instead of ― 1 because O2- is more ___________ .
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Understand the context: Oxygen typically forms ions by gaining electrons to achieve a stable electronic configuration, similar to the nearest noble gas (Neon). This is due to its high electronegativity and tendency to complete its octet.
Recall the electronic configuration of oxygen: The neutral oxygen atom has an atomic number of 8, meaning its electronic configuration is 1s² 2s² 2p⁴. It needs 2 more electrons to fill its 2p orbital and achieve a stable octet.
Analyze the charge states: When oxygen gains 1 electron, it forms O⁻ (with a -1 charge). However, this state is less stable because the octet is not yet complete. When oxygen gains 2 electrons, it forms O²⁻ (with a -2 charge), achieving a full octet and a more stable configuration.
Consider the concept of stability: The O²⁻ ion is more stable than O⁻ because it has a complete octet, which minimizes the energy of the system. Atoms and ions tend to adopt configurations that lower their energy and increase stability.
Fill in the blank: The blank should be filled with the word 'stable,' as O²⁻ is more stable than O⁻ due to its complete octet and lower energy state.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Ionization Energy
Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion. For oxygen, the first ionization energy is relatively high due to its electronegativity and the stability of its electron configuration. However, the second ionization energy is even higher, which explains why oxygen typically forms a -2 charge (O²⁻) rather than a -1 charge (O⁻).
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Ionization Potentials
Electronegativity
Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract and hold onto electrons. Oxygen is highly electronegative, which means it has a strong tendency to gain electrons to achieve a stable octet configuration. This property contributes to its preference for forming a -2 charge, as it can effectively stabilize the additional electrons.
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Stability of Electron Configuration
The stability of an electron configuration refers to how energetically favorable a particular arrangement of electrons is. For oxygen, achieving a full outer shell with eight electrons (octet) by gaining two electrons leads to the formation of the O²⁻ ion, which is more stable than having only one additional electron. This stability drives the ionization process and the resulting charge.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Based on your answer to Assessment 2.22, would you expect a larger atom to be more or less electronegative than a smaller atom?
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Textbook Question
(i) Using the periodic trend, choose the more electronegative atom in each pair. For one pair, you'll need to look at the actual Pauling values. (ii) For which one? (iii) Why?
(b) N vs. O
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Textbook Question
Show the ionic compound that you would expect to form between the given metal and nonmetal. Label the charges on each species.
(a) Al and F
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Textbook Question
Show the ionic compound that you would expect to form between the given metal and nonmetal. Label the charges on each species.
(b) Mg and Br
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Textbook Question
(i) Using the periodic trend, choose the more electronegative atom in each pair. For one pair, you'll need to look at the actual Pauling values. (ii) For which one? (iii) Why?
(d) B vs. Si
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