Textbook Question
What is the molecular formula for each of the following?
a. a 4-carbon hydrocarbon with two bonds and no rings
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Ch. 5 - Alkenes: Structure, Nomenclature, and an Introduction to Reactivity • Thermodynamics and Kinetics
Bruice8th EditionOrganic ChemistryISBN: 9780135213711
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 - Remembering General Chemistry: Electronic Structure and Bonding (Part 1)31
- Ch. 1 - Remembering General Chemistry: Electronic Structure and Bonding (Part 2)65
- Ch. 2 - Acids and Bases: Central to Understanding Organic Chemistry84
- Ch. 3 - An Introduction to Organic Compounds:Nomenclature, Physical Properties, and Structure183
- Ch. 4 - Isomers: The Arrangement of Atoms in Space121
- Ch. 5 - Alkenes: Structure, Nomenclature, and an Introduction to Reactivity • Thermodynamics and Kinetics83
- Ch. 6 - The Reactions of Alkenes • The Stereochemistry of Addition Reactions175
- Ch. 7 - The Reactions of Alkynes • An Introduction to Multistep Synthesis119
- Ch. 8 - Delocalized Electrons: Their Effect on Stability, pKa, and the Products of a Reaction • Aromaticity and Electronic Effects: An Introduction to the Reactions of Benzene148
- Ch. 9 - Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides212
- Ch. 10 - Reactions of Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides, Amines, and Sulfur-Containing Compounds131
- Ch. 11 - Organometallic Compounds60
- Ch. 12 - Radicals90
- Ch. 13 - Mass Spectrometry; Infrared Spectroscopy; UV/Vis Spectroscopy62
- Ch. 14 - NMR Spectroscopy95
- Ch. 15 - Reactions of Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives123
- Ch. 16 - Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones • More Reactions of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives141
- Ch. 17 - Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon101
- Ch. 18 - Reactions of Benzene and Substituted Benzenes144
- Ch. 19 - More About Amines • Reactions of Heterocyclic Compounds49
- Ch. 20 - The Organic Chemistry of Carbohydrates80
- Ch. 21 - Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins57
- Ch. 22 - Catalysis in Organic Reactions and in Enzymatic Reactions35
- Ch. 23 - The Organic Chemistry of the Coenzymes—Compounds Derived from Vitamins1
- Ch. 28 - Pericyclic Reactions58
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Bruice 8th EditionCh. 5 - Alkenes: Structure, Nomenclature, and an Introduction to Reactivity • Thermodynamics and KineticsProblem 4c,d
Bruice 8th EditionCh. 5 - Alkenes: Structure, Nomenclature, and an Introduction to Reactivity • Thermodynamics and KineticsProblem 4c,d Chapter 6, Problem 4c,d
Determine the degree of unsaturation for hydrocarbons with the following molecular formulas:
c. C12H20
d. C40H56
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Recall the formula for calculating the degree of unsaturation (also known as the index of hydrogen deficiency, IHD). The formula is: IHD = (2C + 2 - H)/2, where C is the number of carbon atoms, and H is the number of hydrogen atoms. This formula assumes the molecule contains only carbon and hydrogen.
Step 2: For part (c), substitute the values for C = 12 and H = 20 into the formula. Write the expression as: IHD = (2(12) + 2 - 20)/2.
Step 3: Simplify the expression for part (c) step by step. First, calculate the term 2(12), then add 2, subtract 20, and finally divide the result by 2 to determine the degree of unsaturation for C12H20.
Step 4: For part (d), substitute the values for C = 40 and H = 56 into the formula. Write the expression as: IHD = (2(40) + 2 - 56)/2.
Step 5: Simplify the expression for part (d) step by step. First, calculate the term 2(40), then add 2, subtract 56, and finally divide the result by 2 to determine the degree of unsaturation for C40H56.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Degree of Unsaturation
The degree of unsaturation (DU) indicates the total number of rings and multiple bonds (double or triple) present in a hydrocarbon molecule. It can be calculated using the formula DU = (2C + 2 - H)/2, where C is the number of carbon atoms and H is the number of hydrogen atoms. A higher degree of unsaturation suggests more rings or multiple bonds, which affects the molecule's reactivity and stability.
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The difference between saturated and unsaturated molecules.
Hydrocarbon Structure
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting solely of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms. They can be classified into aliphatic (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes) and aromatic compounds. Understanding the structure of hydrocarbons is essential for determining their properties, reactivity, and the implications of their degree of unsaturation.
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Molecular Formula Interpretation
A molecular formula provides the number of each type of atom in a molecule, which is crucial for calculating the degree of unsaturation. For example, in the formulas C12H20 and C40H56, the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms directly influences the DU calculation. Interpreting these formulas correctly allows chemists to predict the presence of rings or multiple bonds in the compound.
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02:17How to use IHD with molecular formula.
Related Practice
Textbook Question
Determine the degree of unsaturation and then draw possible structures for noncyclic compounds with the following molecular formulas:
a. C3H6
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Textbook Question
Several studies have shown that β-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, may play a role in preventing cancer. β-Carotene has a molecular formula of C40H56, and it contains two rings and no triple bonds. How many double bonds does it have?
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Textbook Question
What is the molecular formula for each of the following?
b. a 10-carbon hydrocarbon with one bond and 2 rings
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Textbook Question
Determine the degree of unsaturation and then draw possible structures for noncyclic compounds with the following molecular formulas:
b. C3H4
Textbook Question
Name the following:
b.
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