Textbook Question
Give the systematic names for all alkanes with molecular formula C7H16 that do not have any secondary hydrogens.
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Ch. 3 - An Introduction to Organic Compounds:Nomenclature, Physical Properties, and Structure
Bruice8th EditionOrganic ChemistryISBN: 9780135213711
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 - Remembering General Chemistry: Electronic Structure and Bonding (Part 1)31
- Ch. 1 - Remembering General Chemistry: Electronic Structure and Bonding (Part 2)65
- Ch. 2 - Acids and Bases: Central to Understanding Organic Chemistry84
- Ch. 3 - An Introduction to Organic Compounds:Nomenclature, Physical Properties, and Structure183
- Ch. 4 - Isomers: The Arrangement of Atoms in Space121
- Ch. 5 - Alkenes: Structure, Nomenclature, and an Introduction to Reactivity • Thermodynamics and Kinetics83
- Ch. 6 - The Reactions of Alkenes • The Stereochemistry of Addition Reactions175
- Ch. 7 - The Reactions of Alkynes • An Introduction to Multistep Synthesis119
- Ch. 8 - Delocalized Electrons: Their Effect on Stability, pKa, and the Products of a Reaction • Aromaticity and Electronic Effects: An Introduction to the Reactions of Benzene148
- Ch. 9 - Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides212
- Ch. 10 - Reactions of Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides, Amines, and Sulfur-Containing Compounds131
- Ch. 11 - Organometallic Compounds60
- Ch. 12 - Radicals90
- Ch. 13 - Mass Spectrometry; Infrared Spectroscopy; UV/Vis Spectroscopy62
- Ch. 14 - NMR Spectroscopy95
- Ch. 15 - Reactions of Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives123
- Ch. 16 - Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones • More Reactions of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives141
- Ch. 17 - Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon101
- Ch. 18 - Reactions of Benzene and Substituted Benzenes144
- Ch. 19 - More About Amines • Reactions of Heterocyclic Compounds49
- Ch. 20 - The Organic Chemistry of Carbohydrates80
- Ch. 21 - Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins57
- Ch. 22 - Catalysis in Organic Reactions and in Enzymatic Reactions35
- Ch. 23 - The Organic Chemistry of the Coenzymes—Compounds Derived from Vitamins1
- Ch. 28 - Pericyclic Reactions58
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Bruice 8th EditionCh. 3 - An Introduction to Organic Compounds:Nomenclature, Physical Properties, and StructureProblem 68
Bruice 8th EditionCh. 3 - An Introduction to Organic Compounds:Nomenclature, Physical Properties, and StructureProblem 68Chapter 4, Problem 68
Which of the following conformers has the highest energy (is the least stable)?
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Identify the different conformers presented in the image. Conformers are different spatial arrangements of a molecule that result from rotation around a single bond.
Understand that the energy of a conformer is influenced by steric strain, torsional strain, and angle strain. Steric strain occurs when atoms are forced too close to each other, torsional strain arises from eclipsing interactions, and angle strain is due to bond angles deviating from their ideal values.
Examine each conformer for steric interactions. Look for large groups that are close to each other, as these will increase steric strain and thus the energy of the conformer.
Check for torsional strain by identifying eclipsed conformations. Eclipsed conformations have higher energy compared to staggered conformations due to increased torsional strain.
Compare the identified strains in each conformer to determine which has the highest energy. The conformer with the most steric and torsional strain will be the least stable and thus have the highest energy.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Conformational Analysis
Conformational analysis is the study of the different spatial arrangements of atoms in a molecule that can be interconverted by rotation around single bonds. These arrangements, known as conformers, can have varying degrees of stability based on steric interactions and torsional strain. Understanding conformational analysis is essential for predicting the most stable conformer and identifying which conformer has the highest energy.
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03:29
Understanding what a conformer is.
Steric Strain
Steric strain occurs when atoms are forced closer together than their natural bond lengths, leading to increased repulsion between electron clouds. In conformers, steric strain can significantly affect stability; conformers with bulky groups in close proximity tend to be less stable due to this strain. Recognizing the impact of steric strain helps in determining which conformer is the least stable.
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02:00What is torsional strain?
Torsional Strain
Torsional strain arises from the eclipsing interactions between atoms or groups in a molecule when they are aligned in a way that maximizes repulsion. This strain is particularly relevant in conformers where bonds are rotated into eclipsed positions, leading to higher energy states. Understanding torsional strain is crucial for evaluating the stability of different conformers and identifying the one with the highest energy.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Draw skeletal structures for the following:
a. 5-ethyl-2-methyloctane
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Textbook Question
Draw skeletal structures for the following:
b. 1,3-dimethylcyclohexane
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Textbook Question
A student was given the structural formulas of several compounds and was asked to give them systematic names. How many did the student name correctly? Correct those that are misnamed.
k. 2-methyl-2-isopropylheptane
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Textbook Question
A student was given the structural formulas of several compounds and was asked to give them systematic names. How many did the student name correctly? Correct those that are misnamed.
l. 2-methyl-N,N-dimethyl-4-hexanamine
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Textbook Question
A student was given the structural formulas of several compounds and was asked to give them systematic names. How many did the student name correctly? Correct those that are misnamed.
h. 5-ethyl-2-methylhexane
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