Textbook Question
What is the main structural difference between d. cellulose and chitin?
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Ch. 20 - The Organic Chemistry of Carbohydrates
Bruice8th EditionOrganic ChemistryISBN: 9780135213711
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 - Remembering General Chemistry: Electronic Structure and Bonding (Part 1)31
- Ch. 1 - Remembering General Chemistry: Electronic Structure and Bonding (Part 2)65
- Ch. 2 - Acids and Bases: Central to Understanding Organic Chemistry84
- Ch. 3 - An Introduction to Organic Compounds:Nomenclature, Physical Properties, and Structure183
- Ch. 4 - Isomers: The Arrangement of Atoms in Space121
- Ch. 5 - Alkenes: Structure, Nomenclature, and an Introduction to Reactivity • Thermodynamics and Kinetics83
- Ch. 6 - The Reactions of Alkenes • The Stereochemistry of Addition Reactions175
- Ch. 7 - The Reactions of Alkynes • An Introduction to Multistep Synthesis119
- Ch. 8 - Delocalized Electrons: Their Effect on Stability, pKa, and the Products of a Reaction • Aromaticity and Electronic Effects: An Introduction to the Reactions of Benzene148
- Ch. 9 - Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides212
- Ch. 10 - Reactions of Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides, Amines, and Sulfur-Containing Compounds131
- Ch. 11 - Organometallic Compounds60
- Ch. 12 - Radicals90
- Ch. 13 - Mass Spectrometry; Infrared Spectroscopy; UV/Vis Spectroscopy62
- Ch. 14 - NMR Spectroscopy95
- Ch. 15 - Reactions of Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives123
- Ch. 16 - Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones • More Reactions of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives141
- Ch. 17 - Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon101
- Ch. 18 - Reactions of Benzene and Substituted Benzenes144
- Ch. 19 - More About Amines • Reactions of Heterocyclic Compounds49
- Ch. 20 - The Organic Chemistry of Carbohydrates80
- Ch. 21 - Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins57
- Ch. 22 - Catalysis in Organic Reactions and in Enzymatic Reactions35
- Ch. 23 - The Organic Chemistry of the Coenzymes—Compounds Derived from Vitamins1
- Ch. 28 - Pericyclic Reactions58
Chapter 21, Problem 33b
Refer to Figure 20.5 to answer the following questions: b. People with type AB blood can receive blood from anyone, but they cannot give blood to everyone. To whom can they not give blood?
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Understand the concept of blood type compatibility: Blood type compatibility is determined by the presence or absence of antigens (A and B) on the surface of red blood cells and antibodies in the plasma. Type AB blood has both A and B antigens but no antibodies against A or B antigens.
Recall the universal recipient and donor concept: People with type AB blood are universal recipients because they lack antibodies against A or B antigens, allowing them to receive blood from all types. However, they are not universal donors because their blood contains both A and B antigens, which can trigger an immune response in individuals with other blood types.
Analyze the compatibility for donating blood: Type AB blood can only be safely donated to individuals who also have type AB blood, as these recipients already have both A and B antigens and will not produce an immune response.
Identify the blood types to which AB cannot donate: Type AB blood cannot be donated to individuals with type O, type A, or type B blood because these recipients have antibodies against antigens that are present in AB blood.
Summarize the answer: People with type AB blood cannot give blood to individuals with type O, type A, or type B blood due to the presence of antibodies in the recipient's plasma that would react with the A and/or B antigens in the donor's blood.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Blood Type Compatibility
Blood type compatibility is determined by the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells. Type AB blood has both A and B antigens, making it a universal recipient, as it can accept blood from any type. However, it lacks anti-A and anti-B antibodies, which means it can only donate to individuals with AB blood type.
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Identifying Types of Stereoisomers
ABO Blood Group System
The ABO blood group system classifies blood into four main types: A, B, AB, and O, based on the presence of A and B antigens. Type AB blood contains both antigens, allowing individuals with this blood type to receive blood from all other types. However, they can only donate to other AB individuals due to the presence of both antigens, which could trigger an immune response in those with A or B blood types.
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Transfusion Reactions
Transfusion reactions occur when the immune system of a recipient identifies transfused blood as foreign due to incompatible antigens. For individuals with type AB blood, receiving blood from any type is safe, but donating to A or B types can cause severe reactions. This is because the recipient's immune system may attack the foreign antigens present in the AB blood, leading to potentially life-threatening complications.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
What product or products are obtained when D-galactose reacts with each of the following?
b. Ag+, NH3, HO-
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Textbook Question
Refer to Figure 20.5 to answer the following questions: a. People with type O blood can donate blood to anyone, but they cannot receive blood from everyone. From whom can they not receive blood?
Textbook Question
What product or products are obtained when d-galactose reacts with each of the following?
d. excess CH3I + Ag2O
Textbook Question
What product or products are obtained when D-galactose reacts with each of the following?
c. NaBH4, followed by H3O+
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Textbook Question
Explain why the C-3 OH group of vitamin C is more acidic than the C-2 OH group.
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