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Organic Chemistry Reactions quiz #6

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  • Why are decomposers important in the cycling of nitrogen and carbon?
    Decomposers break down organic matter, releasing nitrogen and carbon back into the ecosystem.
  • For which bacterial genus does mannitol salt agar differentiate between species?
    Mannitol salt agar differentiates between species of the genus Staphylococcus.
  • Which answer option is true regarding linked genes?
    Linked genes are located close together on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together.
  • What happens when a photon strikes rhodopsin?
    When a photon strikes rhodopsin, it causes a conformational change, initiating a signal transduction pathway.
  • Which type of succession will occur in this environment and why?
    Secondary succession will occur if the environment has existing soil and was previously inhabited.
  • A virus can transfer genes from one bacterial cell to another through which process?
    A virus can transfer genes through transduction.
  • Why are there fewer consumers than producers?
    There are fewer consumers than producers because energy is lost at each trophic level.
  • What substance serves as the decolorizer in a Gram stain?
    Alcohol or acetone serves as the decolorizer in a Gram stain.
  • What are the phases included in the Lean Six Sigma DMAIC approach?
    The Lean Six Sigma approach includes the phases of Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control (DMAIC).
  • What can cause a phage in the lysogenic stage to revert to the lytic stage?
    Environmental stress, such as UV light, can cause a phage to revert to the lytic stage.
  • Can you fill the dihybrid cross given in the problem and find the phenotype ratio?
    Yes, a dihybrid cross typically results in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio.
  • What is the primary function of cyclic electron flow?
    The primary function of cyclic electron flow is to produce additional ATP without producing NADPH.
  • What are the products of the light-dependent reactions?
    The products of the light-dependent reactions are ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
  • What do denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates and nitrites into?
    Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates and nitrites into nitrogen gas.
  • Which sentence describes the action of natural selection?
    Natural selection favors traits that enhance survival and reproduction in a given environment.
  • Each trophic level has how much less energy?
    Each trophic level has about 90% less energy than the level below it.
  • What happens during the chemiosmosis stage of the thylakoid reactions?
    During chemiosmosis, protons flow through ATP synthase, driving the production of ATP.
  • What is the goal of PCR?
    The goal of PCR is to amplify a specific DNA sequence.
  • In which growth phase are bacteria susceptible to antibiotics?
    Bacteria are most susceptible to antibiotics during the exponential (log) phase.
  • Which organisms in the food web are primary consumers?
    Herbivores are primary consumers in the food web.
  • What is released at each step of an electron transport chain?
    Energy is released at each step of an electron transport chain.
  • What are the inputs (reactants) of photosynthesis?
    The inputs of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water.
  • What causes TrpR (the repressor protein for the trp operon) to bind to DNA?
    High levels of tryptophan cause TrpR to bind to DNA, repressing the trp operon.
  • What is the role of the light-independent reactions in photosynthesis?
    The light-independent reactions convert CO2 into glucose using ATP and NADPH.
  • How is carbon eventually returned to the atmosphere?
    Carbon is returned to the atmosphere through respiration and decomposition.
  • What is true about enzyme-catalyzed reactions compared to uncatalyzed reactions?
    Enzyme-catalyzed reactions have lower activation energy compared to uncatalyzed reactions.
  • What are the most commonly used devices for measurement of liquid medication?
    Syringes and graduated cylinders are commonly used for measuring liquid medication.
  • Which type of population growth is shown in this graph? Exponential, Logistic, Linear, Limited
    Exponential growth is shown in a graph where the population size increases rapidly over time without any limiting factors.
  • What were the results Mendel consistently identified in his experiments?
    Mendel identified consistent 3:1 and 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratios in monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, respectively.
  • How are restriction enzymes used in genetic engineering?
    Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sequences, allowing for the insertion of new genes.
  • How does artificial selection (controlled by a breeder) compare to natural selection?
    Artificial selection is guided by humans to enhance desired traits, while natural selection is an unguided process favoring traits that enhance survival.
  • How are restriction enzymes used in making recombinant proteins?
    Restriction enzymes cut DNA to insert genes into plasmids, which are then used to produce recombinant proteins in host cells.
  • Has evolution by natural selection recently occurred in populations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
    Yes, evolution by natural selection has occurred, leading to antibiotic-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
  • How does a bacterial cell acquire resistance genes?
    A bacterial cell can acquire resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer, such as conjugation, transformation, or transduction.
  • Which resources can be in limited supply in an ecosystem?
    Water, nutrients, and space can be in limited supply in an ecosystem.
  • What scientific hypotheses can be tested by a pulse-chase experiment?
    Pulse-chase experiments can test hypotheses about the synthesis and movement of molecules within cells.
  • What are not primary sites for action of antimicrobial drugs in bacteria?
    Mitochondria are not primary sites for action of antimicrobial drugs in bacteria, as bacteria lack mitochondria.
  • Why doesn’t penicillin work on all bacteria?
    Penicillin is ineffective against bacteria that lack a peptidoglycan cell wall or have an outer membrane that prevents access.