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Organic Chemistry Reactions quiz #4

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  • What are causes of spontaneous mutations?
    Spontaneous mutations can be caused by errors in DNA replication and natural background radiation.
  • Which is required for the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis to occur?
    Light energy is required for the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis to occur.
  • Which of these provides an example of molecules moving by facilitated diffusion?
    Glucose transport into cells via GLUT transporters is an example of facilitated diffusion.
  • Which virus is correctly matched with its structure?
    The influenza virus is correctly matched with its structure as an enveloped virus with segmented RNA.
  • What is the role of decomposers in the nitrogen cycle?
    Decomposers break down organic matter, releasing nitrogen back into the soil as ammonia.
  • What do antibiotics target?
    Antibiotics target bacterial cell walls, protein synthesis, DNA replication, and metabolic pathways.
  • How do nitrates turn back into nitrogen gas?
    Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas through the process of denitrification.
  • Under what conditions does the trp repressor block transcription of the trp operon?
    The trp repressor blocks transcription of the trp operon when tryptophan levels are high.
  • Which is required for the light-independent reactions in photosynthesis to occur?
    Carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH are required for the light-independent reactions to occur.
  • What is the end goal of PCR?
    The end goal of PCR is to amplify a specific DNA sequence.
  • What is the function of the primers in PCR?
    Primers provide a starting point for DNA synthesis during PCR.
  • What types of mutations are classified as indels?
    Insertions and deletions of nucleotides are classified as indels.
  • Where do the electrons entering Photosystem II come from?
    The electrons entering Photosystem II come from the splitting of water molecules.
  • What systems do bacteria use to protect against invading DNA?
    Bacteria can use restriction-modification systems to protect against invading DNA.
  • What is carbon fixation?
    Carbon fixation is the process of converting inorganic carbon (CO2) into organic compounds (glucose) in photosynthesis.
  • What is an example of natural selection acting on a population?
    An example of natural selection is the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
  • What is an active form of solar power?
    Photovoltaic cells are an active form of solar power.
  • What type of organisms use hydrogen sulfide for reducing power?
    Chemolithoautotrophs use hydrogen sulfide for reducing power.
  • What are the advantages of using recombinant products instead of natural products?
    Recombinant products can be produced in large quantities, are consistent in quality, and can be modified for specific purposes.
  • Which enzyme was least likely used in cloning of wt-prr cDNA?
    DNA polymerase is least likely used in the initial cloning of cDNA; reverse transcriptase is used instead.
  • In which phase of the growth curve is the population-doubling time fastest?
    The population-doubling time is fastest during the exponential (log) phase.
  • What does photosynthesis convert light energy into?
    Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
  • Which antibiotic targets the 70S ribosome of bacterial cells?
    Tetracycline targets the 70S ribosome of bacterial cells.
  • Do bacteria have a nucleus?
    Bacteria have a nucleus is false; they lack a nucleus.
  • What type of mutations cause a frameshift mutation?
    Insertions or deletions of nucleotides that are not in multiples of three will cause a frameshift mutation.
  • What is the difference between natural selection and selective breeding?
    Natural selection is an unguided process where traits that enhance survival are favored, while selective breeding is a human-guided process to enhance desired traits.
  • What is not a potential result of a bottleneck event?
    Increased genetic diversity is not a potential result of a bottleneck event; it typically decreases genetic diversity.
  • Where do light-dependent reactions occur?
    Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
  • What does an enzyme change in a reaction?
    The activation energy of a reaction is changed by the action of an enzyme.
  • Which metabolic process occurs in both the presence and absence of oxygen?
    Glycolysis will occur in the presence or absence of oxygen.
  • What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle?
    NADPH transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle.
  • What does a dihybrid cross involve and what phenotypic ratio does it produce in the F2 generation?
    A dihybrid cross involves two traits and results in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation.
  • What color do gram-negative bacteria exhibit after gram staining?
    Gram-negative bacteria exhibit a pink color after gram staining.
  • What materials are needed to perform a gram stain?
    Materials needed for a gram stain include crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, and safranin.
  • What causes dead zones?
    Dead zones are caused by nutrient pollution leading to algal blooms and subsequent oxygen depletion.