3. Acids and Bases

Based on the analysis you used in Assessment 17.3, which carbonyl would you expect to react most quickly with a nucleophile?

(c)

We discuss the following reactions in subsequent chapters. Given the mechanisms shown, draw the mechanism of the reverse reaction.

(b)

Identify the nucleophile and the electrophile in each of the following reactions.

(b)

The following reaction steps are shown using conventional electron pushing. (b) Use the bouncing arrow formalism to illustrate the formation of only the product shown.

(a)

In the context of organic reaction mechanisms, what do the curved arrows represent when provided for the transformation?

Which reaction mechanism would be favored when a secondary alkyl halide reacts with a strong base such as $O_H-$ in a polar aprotic solvent?

Show an arrow-pushing mechanism that forms the product on the right from the reactant at left. Only one arrow is necessary in each reaction. [Don't forget to draw in the lone pairs on this and the next two assessments.]

(a)

Which of the following best describes the products formed in a reaction mechanism that uses fishhook notation to show the movement of single electrons?

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of an S$N_1$ reaction?

Which of the following statements about the $\mathrm{transition state}$ of a reaction is correct?

In the context of reaction mechanisms, what is the molecularity of step $1$ if the step involves the collision of two different reactant molecules to form a product?

Which of the following best explains the regiochemistry observed in the Markovnikov addition of $H_{2}O$ to an alkene using acid catalysis?

Classify each reaction as a substitution, an elimination, or neither. Identify the leaving group in each reaction, and the nucleophile in substitutions.

c.

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of the reaction between ${\mathrm{CH}}_3\mathrm{Br}$ and $\mathrm{OH}-$ in aqueous solution?

Which of the following best describes the stepwise mechanism for the acid-catalyzed hydration of $C_2{H}_4$ (ethylene) to form ethanol?