Show how you would accomplish the following syntheses.
b. cyclopentanecarbaldehyde → 2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxyacetic acid

Within each set of structures, indicate which will react fastest, and which slowest, toward nucleophilic addition in basic conditions.

(a)

Show how you would synthesize each compound, beginning with acetylene and any necessary additional reagents

(c)

(d)

Within each set of structures, indicate which will react fastest, and which slowest, toward nucleophilic addition in basic conditions.

(c)

Within each set of structures, indicate which will react fastest, and which slowest, toward nucleophilic addition in basic conditions.

(b)

Propose a mechanism for the following reactions:

a.

Predict the product of the following aldehyde and ketone addition reactions.

(b)

Which two carbonyl compounds are required for the synthesis of morachalcone A via nucleophilic addition?

Why are $\mathrm{aldehydes}$ generally more reactive than $\mathrm{ketones}$ toward nucleophilic addition reactions?