Textbook Question
Predict the product(s) of each of the following reactions, making sure to indicate the relative stereochemical outcome. Indicate any racemic mixtures by drawing both enantiomers.
(b)
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Ch. 9 - Alkenes II: Oxidation and Reduction
Mullins1st EditionOrganic Chemistry: A Learner Centered ApproachISBN: 9780137566471
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Table of contents
- Ch. 2 - General Chemistry Translated: Finding the Electrons114
- Ch. 3 - Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Properties and Conformational Analysis109
- Ch. 4 - Acids and Bases: Electron Flow144
- Ch. 5 - Chemical Reaction Analysis: Thermodynamics and Kinetics118
- Ch. 6 - Stereoisomerism: Arrangement of Atoms in Space112
- Ch. 7 - Principles of Green (Organic) Chemistry3
- Ch. 8 - Alkenes I: Properties and Electrophilic Additions158
- Ch. 9 - Alkenes II: Oxidation and Reduction150
- Ch. 10 - Alkynes: Electrophilic Addition and Redox Reactions101
- Ch. 11 - Properties and Synthesis of Alkyl Halides: Radical Reactions108
- Ch. 12 - Substitution and Elimination: Reactions of Haloalkanes172
- Ch. 13 - Alcohols, Ethers and Related Compounds: Substitution and Elimination239
- Ch. 14 - Structural Identification I: Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry54
- Ch. 15 - Structural Identification II: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy93
- Ch. 16 - Metals in Organic Chemistry48
- Ch. 17 - Carbonyl Addition Reactions: Aldehydes and Ketones45
- Ch. 18 - Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution I: Carboxylic Acids18
- Ch. 19 - Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution II: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives39
- Ch. 20 - Enolates: Carbonyl Addition and Substitution13
- Ch. 21 - Conjugated Systems I: Stability and Addition Reactions56
- Ch. 22 - Conjugated Systems II: Pericyclic Reactions54
- Ch. 23 - Benzene I: Aromatic Stability and Substitution Reactions64
- Ch. 24 - Benzene II: Reactions Influenced by the Aromatic Ring62
- Ch. 25 - Amines: Structure, Reactions, and Synthesis27
- Ch. 26 - Amino Acids, Proteins, and Peptide Synthesis9
- Ch. 27 - Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, and Lipids54
Mullins1st EditionOrganic Chemistry: A Learner Centered ApproachISBN: 9780137566471Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 8, Problem 7
Calculate the atom economy for the reactions shown. In each, what happens to the percentage of material that is not incorporated into the major product?
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Step 1: Identify the major product of the reaction.
Step 2: Determine the molecular weight of the major product using the molecular formula.
Step 3: Calculate the total molecular weight of all reactants used in the reaction.
Step 4: Use the formula for atom economy: \( \text{Atom Economy} = \left( \frac{\text{Molecular Weight of Major Product}}{\text{Total Molecular Weight of Reactants}} \right) \times 100 \% \).
Step 5: Analyze the percentage of material not incorporated into the major product by subtracting the atom economy from 100%.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Atom Economy
Atom economy is a measure of the efficiency of a chemical reaction in terms of how well the reactants are converted into useful products. It is calculated by dividing the molar mass of the desired product by the total molar mass of all reactants, then multiplying by 100 to get a percentage. A higher atom economy indicates that a greater proportion of the reactants are incorporated into the final product, which is desirable for sustainable chemistry.
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The difference between atomic numbers and atomic mass.
By-products
By-products are substances that are produced in a chemical reaction alongside the desired product but are not the main focus of the reaction. Understanding by-products is crucial for calculating atom economy, as they represent the material that does not contribute to the desired outcome. Analyzing the formation of by-products helps in assessing the efficiency and environmental impact of a reaction.
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Reaction Mechanism
A reaction mechanism describes the step-by-step sequence of elementary reactions that occur during a chemical transformation. It provides insight into how reactants are converted into products, including the formation of intermediates and by-products. Understanding the mechanism is essential for predicting the atom economy, as it reveals which reactants are ultimately incorporated into the major product and which are lost as by-products.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
(••) Predict the product(s) that would result when the alkenes are allowed to react under the following conditions: (iii) Br₂, H₂O(h)
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Textbook Question
Predict the product(s) of each of the following reactions, making sure to indicate the relative stereochemical outcome. Indicate any racemic mixtures by drawing both enantiomers.
(f)
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Textbook Question
In which of the two steps in the alkene halogenation mechanism does a redox reaction occur?
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Textbook Question
Predict the product(s) of each of the following reactions, making sure to indicate the relative stereochemical outcome. Indicate any racemic mixtures by drawing both enantiomers.
(c)
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Textbook Question
Provide an arrow-pushing mechanism that rationalizes the stereospecific formation of each dihalide in Assessment 9.6.
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