Calculate the intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF) volumes for a 60 kg adult with a total body water equal to 50% of body mass. Show your work.

Integrate knowledge of sodium, potassium, and membrane potentials to choose the best explanation for why a rapid rise in extracellular potassium concentration (hyperkalemia) can lead to cardiac conduction abnormalities.

A salt substitute contains 60% potassium chloride (KCl) by weight. One serving is 5.0 g of the salt substitute. Approximately how many milligrams of elemental potassium (K) are supplied in that one 5.0 g serving? (Atomic weights: K = 39.10, Cl = 35.45; molecular weight KCl ≈ 74.55.)

Which list most accurately summarizes the DASH dietary recommendations and explains how those choices raise potassium, magnesium, and calcium intake?

A patient reports consuming 400 mg elemental calcium daily from spinach-based smoothies and no dairy. Lab shows marginal calcium status. Analyze why a large measured calcium content in spinach does not translate to adequate absorbed calcium and recommend two dietary modifications to improve absorbed calcium.

Hydroxyapatite, the primary mineral of bone, is composed mainly of which two elements?

A patient’s diet provides 1500 mg of sodium per day entirely from sodium chloride (table salt). Using the approximate conversion demonstrated in class (2300 mg Na ≈ 3600 mg Cl), estimate the daily chloride intake from that sodium. Show work.

A patient has normal dietary iron intake but presents with signs of microcytic anemia; lab tests show low serum ceruloplasmin (a copper-dependent enzyme). Analyze how a copper deficiency could produce anemia in this context.

Calculate an adult's daily fluoride intake given these daily items: 2 L/day fluoridated tap water at 0.7 mg/L, one cup brewed black tea contributing 1.0 mg, and accidental swallowing of 0.5 g toothpaste with 1000 ppm fluoride (1,000 µg fluoride per g). Determine total fluoride intake in mg and state whether it exceeds the typical adult RDA range of 3–4 mg.

A 30-year-old man records one day's intake: 120 g grilled beef (zinc 5.2 mg, selenium 18 µg), 1 cup cooked oatmeal (manganese 1.2 mg, molybdenum 22 µg), 1 cup milk (molybdenum 3 µg), mixed vegetables (selenium 4 µg), and multigrain bread (zinc 1.4 mg, manganese 0.6 mg). Estimate whether his intake meets the RDA for zinc and manganese (use adult male RDAs: zinc 11 mg, manganese 2.3 mg). Show calculations and state conclusion for both minerals.

Calculate how many standard drinks are in a standard 750 mL bottle of wine with 14% ABV. Show full conversions and final value to two decimal places.

Design a brief experimental comparison (no lab work required) to test the hypothesis that eating a high-fat meal before drinking reduces peak BAC more in males than females because of greater gastric ADH activity in males. Which key elements must be included to control confounders and justify your evaluation?

If a person has a measured BAC of 0.12% and the average metabolic elimination rate is 0.015% BAC per hour, how long (hours and minutes) will it take to fall below the 0.08% legal driving limit? Show your calculation.

Which combination of mechanisms best accounts for multiple nutrient deficiencies in a person with chronic heavy alcohol use?

A clinician measures a patient at 5 ft 6 in and 200 lb. Convert height to meters and weight to kilograms, calculate BMI (kg/m^2), and select the correct BMI category. Show calculations.

A homemade smoothie contains 6 g fat, 60 g carbs, 8 g protein and 10 g alcohol-equivalent (e.g., small amount from tincture). Calculate total kcal. (Use 9, 4, 4, 7 kcal/g respectively.)

A patient weighs 82 kg and is 1.75 meters tall. Calculate the patient's BMI to one decimal place and indicate the BMI category.

A person reduces intake by 500 kcal/day for 30 days. Using 1 kg fat ≈ 7700 kcal, the expected weight loss is (500 × 30) / 7700 = 1.95 kg. If metabolic adaptation lowers basal energy expenditure by 150 kcal/day during the diet, what is the actual expected weight loss that month and what does that difference illustrate about set point physiology? Show calculations.

Calculate the energy density (kcal per gram) for two snacks and decide which is lower energy density: Snack A = 450 kcal, 400 g; Snack B = 600 kcal, 250 g. Which snack has lower energy density?

A 170 lb woman had a measured BMR of 1600 kcal/day. After losing 20 lb she now has a measured BMR of 1500 kcal/day. Calculate the absolute change in BMR and the percent decrease (to two decimal places).

Multi-step integrative calculation and reasoning: A person maintains weight at 1,800 kcal/day. They add a 700 kcal/day surplus for 8 weeks and start resistance training; measured changes: +1.5 kg lean mass (via DEXA) after 8 weeks. Using 7,700 kcal/kg as the energy equivalent of gained tissue, estimate the fat mass gained (kg). Show all steps and justify whether the observed change in body composition is consistent with the energy surplus.

What key behavior differentiates binge eating disorder from bulimia nervosa?