Textbook Question
What general kind of chemical reaction does ATP participate in?
Ch.21 The Generation of Biochemical Energy
McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134015187
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 Matter and Measurements27
- Ch.2 Atoms and the Periodic Table20
- Ch.3 Ionic Compounds8
- Ch.4 Molecular Compounds23
- Ch.5 Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions12
- Ch.6 Chemical Reactions: Mole and Mass Relationships28
- Ch.7 Chemical Reactions: Energy, Rate and Equilibrium64
- Ch.8 Gases, Liquids and Solids24
- Ch.9 Solutions52
- Ch.10 Acids and Bases25
- Ch.11 Nuclear Chemistry22
- Ch.12 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes57
- Ch.13 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds47
- Ch.14 Some Compounds with Oxygen, Sulfur, or a Halogen50
- Ch.15 Aldehydes and Ketones45
- Ch.16 Amines42
- Ch.17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives57
- Ch.18 Amino Acids and Proteins82
- Ch.19 Enzymes and Vitamins63
- Ch.20 Carbohydrates44
- Ch.21 The Generation of Biochemical Energy65
- Ch.22 Carbohydrate Metabolism45
- Ch.23 Lipids42
- Ch.24 Lipid Metabolism33
- Ch.25 Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism24
- Ch.26 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis45
McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134015187Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 21, Problem 47
Write the reaction for the hydrolysis of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate coupled to the phosphorylation of ADP using the curved-arrow symbolism.
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Identify the reactants and products involved in the reaction. The hydrolysis of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate involves breaking a high-energy phosphate bond, and the phosphorylation of ADP involves adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP.
Write the chemical equation for the hydrolysis of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. The reaction releases a phosphate group (Pi) and forms 3-phosphoglycerate. Represent this as: .
Write the chemical equation for the phosphorylation of ADP. This reaction uses the inorganic phosphate (Pi) released from the hydrolysis of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to convert ADP into ATP. Represent this as: .
Combine the two reactions into a single coupled reaction. The phosphate group released from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is directly used to phosphorylate ADP. The overall reaction can be written as: .
Use curved-arrow symbolism to show the movement of electrons during the reaction. Indicate the breaking of the bond between the phosphate group and 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, and the formation of a new bond between the phosphate group and ADP. This step involves drawing the reaction mechanism, which includes showing the nucleophilic attack of ADP on the phosphate group and the subsequent release of 3-phosphoglycerate.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction involving the breakdown of a compound by water. In biological systems, hydrolysis often refers to the cleavage of high-energy phosphate bonds, such as those in 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, releasing energy that can be used for other reactions, like the phosphorylation of ADP.
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Curved-Arrow Symbolism
Curved-arrow symbolism is a method used in organic chemistry to depict the movement of electrons during chemical reactions. Arrows indicate the direction of electron flow, helping to visualize the formation and breaking of bonds, which is essential for accurately representing the hydrolysis of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and the subsequent phosphorylation of ADP.
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Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, often catalyzed by enzymes. In this context, the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP is a crucial energy transfer process in cellular metabolism, allowing cells to store and utilize energy derived from the hydrolysis of compounds like 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Why is ATP sometimes called a high-energy molecule?
Textbook Question
FAD is a coenzyme for dehydrogenation.
d. What is the form of FAD after dehydrogenation?
Textbook Question
FAD is a coenzyme for dehydrogenation.
b. Is FAD an oxidizing agent or a reducing agent?
Textbook Question
What does it mean when we say that two reactions are coupled?
Textbook Question
FAD is a coenzyme for dehydrogenation.
a. When a molecule is dehydrogenated, is FAD oxidized or reduced?