Textbook Question
What are the ultimate products of the electron-transport chain?
Ch.21 The Generation of Biochemical Energy
McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134015187
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 Matter and Measurements27
- Ch.2 Atoms and the Periodic Table20
- Ch.3 Ionic Compounds8
- Ch.4 Molecular Compounds23
- Ch.5 Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions12
- Ch.6 Chemical Reactions: Mole and Mass Relationships28
- Ch.7 Chemical Reactions: Energy, Rate and Equilibrium64
- Ch.8 Gases, Liquids and Solids24
- Ch.9 Solutions52
- Ch.10 Acids and Bases25
- Ch.11 Nuclear Chemistry22
- Ch.12 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes57
- Ch.13 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds47
- Ch.14 Some Compounds with Oxygen, Sulfur, or a Halogen50
- Ch.15 Aldehydes and Ketones45
- Ch.16 Amines42
- Ch.17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives57
- Ch.18 Amino Acids and Proteins82
- Ch.19 Enzymes and Vitamins63
- Ch.20 Carbohydrates44
- Ch.21 The Generation of Biochemical Energy65
- Ch.22 Carbohydrate Metabolism45
- Ch.23 Lipids42
- Ch.24 Lipid Metabolism33
- Ch.25 Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism24
- Ch.26 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis45
McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134015187Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 21, Problem 65
What atom in the cytochromes undergoes oxidation and reduction in the electron-transport chain? What atoms in coenzyme Q undergo oxidation and reduction in the electron-transport chain?
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand the role of cytochromes in the electron-transport chain: Cytochromes are proteins that contain a heme group, which is responsible for their ability to undergo oxidation and reduction. The heme group contains an iron (Fe) atom that alternates between two oxidation states: Fe²⁺ (reduced) and Fe³⁺ (oxidized).
Identify the atom in cytochromes that undergoes oxidation and reduction: The iron (Fe) atom in the heme group of cytochromes is the one that undergoes these redox changes as it accepts and donates electrons during the electron-transport chain.
Understand the role of coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) in the electron-transport chain: Coenzyme Q is a lipid-soluble molecule that shuttles electrons between complexes in the electron-transport chain. It undergoes redox reactions as it transitions between its oxidized form (ubiquinone, Q) and its reduced forms (ubiquinol, QH₂).
Identify the atoms in coenzyme Q involved in redox reactions: The redox activity of coenzyme Q occurs at the oxygen atoms in its quinone group. During reduction, these oxygen atoms gain electrons and protons, converting the quinone group into a hydroquinone group.
Summarize the key atoms involved: In cytochromes, the iron (Fe) atom in the heme group undergoes oxidation and reduction. In coenzyme Q, the oxygen atoms in the quinone group are involved in the redox reactions as they transition between oxidized and reduced states.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Cytochromes
Cytochromes are heme-containing proteins that play a crucial role in the electron transport chain (ETC) within mitochondria. They facilitate the transfer of electrons through a series of redox reactions, where the iron atom in the heme group undergoes oxidation and reduction. This process is essential for the generation of ATP, as it helps to create a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane.
Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone)
Coenzyme Q, also known as ubiquinone, is a lipid-soluble molecule that acts as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain. It can undergo both oxidation and reduction, specifically by accepting electrons from various sources, including cytochromes and other electron donors. This ability to shuttle electrons between different complexes in the ETC is vital for efficient energy production in aerobic respiration.
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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes and other molecules located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that facilitate the transfer of electrons derived from nutrients. As electrons move through the chain, they release energy used to pump protons across the membrane, creating a proton gradient. This gradient drives ATP synthesis through ATP synthase, making the ETC a central component of cellular respiration and energy metabolism.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
What does the term “oxidative phosphorylation” mean? What is substrate-level phosphorylation? Are these processes the same? Explain.
Textbook Question
What do the following abbreviations stand for?
c. NADH/H+
Textbook Question
What do the following abbreviations stand for?
b. CoQ
Textbook Question
In oxidative phosphorylation, what is oxidized and what is phosphorylated?
Textbook Question
What would happen to the citric acid cycle if NADH and FADH2 were not reoxidized?