Textbook Question
List three kinds of crystalline solids, and give an example of each.
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Ch.8 Gases, Liquids and Solids
McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134015187
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 Matter and Measurements27
- Ch.2 Atoms and the Periodic Table20
- Ch.3 Ionic Compounds8
- Ch.4 Molecular Compounds23
- Ch.5 Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions12
- Ch.6 Chemical Reactions: Mole and Mass Relationships28
- Ch.7 Chemical Reactions: Energy, Rate and Equilibrium64
- Ch.8 Gases, Liquids and Solids24
- Ch.9 Solutions52
- Ch.10 Acids and Bases25
- Ch.11 Nuclear Chemistry22
- Ch.12 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes57
- Ch.13 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds47
- Ch.14 Some Compounds with Oxygen, Sulfur, or a Halogen50
- Ch.15 Aldehydes and Ketones45
- Ch.16 Amines42
- Ch.17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives57
- Ch.18 Amino Acids and Proteins82
- Ch.19 Enzymes and Vitamins63
- Ch.20 Carbohydrates44
- Ch.21 The Generation of Biochemical Energy65
- Ch.22 Carbohydrate Metabolism45
- Ch.23 Lipids42
- Ch.24 Lipid Metabolism33
- Ch.25 Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism24
- Ch.26 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis45
McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134015187Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 8, Problem 114a
Obtain phase diagrams for water and carbon dioxide.
a. Based on the phase diagram for water, explain how it is possible to skate on ice, that is, solid water.
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Examine the phase diagram for water. The diagram shows the relationship between pressure and temperature, indicating the states of matter (solid, liquid, and gas) under different conditions. Key points include the triple point, normal freezing point, normal boiling point, and critical point.
Understand the unique property of water's phase diagram. The solid-liquid boundary line has a negative slope, meaning that increasing pressure can cause ice to melt at temperatures below the normal freezing point. This is due to the fact that ice is less dense than liquid water.
When skating on ice, the pressure exerted by the skate blade on the ice surface is significant. This pressure lowers the melting point of ice locally, causing a thin layer of liquid water to form beneath the blade.
The thin layer of liquid water acts as a lubricant, reducing friction and allowing the skate to glide smoothly over the ice surface. This phenomenon is explained by the phase diagram's solid-liquid boundary behavior under increased pressure.
Relate this concept to the phase diagram. The ability to skate on ice is a direct result of the negative slope of the solid-liquid boundary line, which allows ice to transition to liquid under localized high pressure conditions.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Phase Diagram
A phase diagram is a graphical representation that shows the states of a substance (solid, liquid, gas) at various temperatures and pressures. It illustrates the conditions under which distinct phases occur and coexist, including critical points and phase transitions. Understanding phase diagrams is essential for analyzing how substances behave under different environmental conditions.
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Triple Point
The triple point of a substance is the unique set of conditions at which all three phases (solid, liquid, and gas) coexist in equilibrium. For water, this occurs at a specific temperature and pressure (0.01°C and 0.006 atm). This concept is crucial for understanding the phase transitions of water and how it can exist in different states simultaneously.
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Pressure and Ice Skating
The phenomenon of skating on ice can be explained by the pressure exerted by the skate blade on the ice surface. According to the phase diagram, increased pressure can lower the melting point of ice, causing a thin layer of liquid water to form beneath the blade. This layer reduces friction, allowing the skater to glide smoothly over the ice, demonstrating the interplay between pressure and phase changes.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Use the kinetic–molecular theory to explain why gas pressure increases if the temperature is raised and the volume is kept constant.
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Textbook Question
Obtain phase diagrams for water and carbon dioxide.
b. Would it be possible to skate on 'dry ice,' that is, solid CO2?
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Textbook Question
What is the effect of pressure on a liquid's boiling point?
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