Textbook Question
Glucose, a form of sugar, has the formula C6H12O6. Which elements are included in this compound, and how many atoms of each are present?
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Ch.1 Matter and Measurements
McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134015187
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 Matter and Measurements27
- Ch.2 Atoms and the Periodic Table20
- Ch.3 Ionic Compounds8
- Ch.4 Molecular Compounds23
- Ch.5 Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions12
- Ch.6 Chemical Reactions: Mole and Mass Relationships28
- Ch.7 Chemical Reactions: Energy, Rate and Equilibrium64
- Ch.8 Gases, Liquids and Solids24
- Ch.9 Solutions52
- Ch.10 Acids and Bases25
- Ch.11 Nuclear Chemistry22
- Ch.12 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes57
- Ch.13 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds47
- Ch.14 Some Compounds with Oxygen, Sulfur, or a Halogen50
- Ch.15 Aldehydes and Ketones45
- Ch.16 Amines42
- Ch.17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives57
- Ch.18 Amino Acids and Proteins82
- Ch.19 Enzymes and Vitamins63
- Ch.20 Carbohydrates44
- Ch.21 The Generation of Biochemical Energy65
- Ch.22 Carbohydrate Metabolism45
- Ch.23 Lipids42
- Ch.24 Lipid Metabolism33
- Ch.25 Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism24
- Ch.26 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis45
McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134015187Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 1, Problem 40
Butane (C4H8) is an easily compressible gas used in cigarette lighters. It has a melting point of and a boiling point of -138.4 °C and a boiling point of -0.5 °C. Would you expect a butane lighter to work in winter when the temperature outdoors is 25 °F? Why or why not?
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Step 1: Convert the outdoor temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius using the formula: . Plug in 25°F to calculate the equivalent temperature in Celsius.
Step 2: Compare the converted temperature to the boiling point of butane, which is 0.5°C. Recall that butane must be in the gaseous state to function in a lighter, and this occurs when the temperature is above its boiling point.
Step 3: If the outdoor temperature is below the boiling point of butane, it will remain in the liquid state and may not vaporize effectively to produce a flame. If the temperature is above the boiling point, butane will vaporize and the lighter should work.
Step 4: Consider the physical properties of butane and how temperature affects its phase. At temperatures below the boiling point, the kinetic energy of butane molecules is insufficient to overcome intermolecular forces, keeping it in the liquid phase.
Step 5: Based on the comparison, determine whether the outdoor temperature allows butane to vaporize and explain why this affects the functionality of the lighter in winter conditions.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Phase Changes
Phase changes refer to the transitions between solid, liquid, and gas states of matter, which are influenced by temperature and pressure. For butane, its melting point (-138.4°C) indicates that it remains a gas at typical outdoor temperatures, while its boiling point (0.5°C) shows that it can condense into a liquid at lower temperatures. Understanding these phase changes is crucial for predicting the behavior of butane in different environmental conditions.
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Physical & Chemical Changes
Temperature and Gas Behavior
The behavior of gases is significantly affected by temperature, as described by gas laws. At lower temperatures, gases can condense into liquids, which is relevant for butane in winter conditions. When the outdoor temperature is 25°F (-3.9°C), which is below butane's boiling point, the gas may not vaporize effectively, impacting the lighter's functionality.
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Pressure and Compression
Compression refers to the reduction of gas volume under pressure, which can affect its state and usability. Butane is easily compressible, allowing it to be stored as a liquid in lighters. However, if the temperature is too low, the pressure may not be sufficient to keep butane in a gaseous state, leading to difficulties in igniting the lighter in cold weather.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Hydrogen peroxide, often used in solutions to cleanse cuts and scrapes, breaks down to yield water and oxygen: Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2(aq) → Hydrogen, H2(g) + Oxygen, O2(g)
b. Which of the substances are chemical compounds, and which are elements?
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Textbook Question
Name two changes of state and describe what causes each to occur.
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Textbook Question
Which of these terms, (i) mixture, (ii) solid, (iii) liquid, (iv) gas, (v) chemical element, (vi) chemical compound, applies to the following substances at room temperature?
a. Gasoline
b. Iodine
c. Water
d. Air
e. Blood
f. Sodium bicarbonate
g. Gaseous ammonia
h. Silicon
Textbook Question
What is the difference between a physical change and a chemical change?
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Textbook Question
Name and describe the three states of matter.
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